SLC22A5
SLC22A5 je membranski transportni protein pridružen primarnom nedostatku karnitina. To jest protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom SLC22A5 sa hromosoma 5. Ovaj protein je uključen u aktivno ćelijsko preuzimanje karnitina. Djeluje kao simporter, pomičući natrijeve ione i druge organske katikone preko membrane, zajedno s karnitinom. Takvi polispecifični organski kationski transporteri u jetri, bubrezima, crijevima i drugim organima kritični su za uklanjanje mnogih endogenih malih organskih kationa, kao i širokog spektra lijekova i toksina iz okoliša.[5] Mutacije u genu SLC22A5 uzrokuju sistemski primarni nedostatak karnitina, što može dovesti do zatajenja srca.[6]
Aminokiselinska sekvenca
urediDužina polipeptidnog lanca je 557 aminokiselina, а molekulska težina 62.752 Da.[7]
10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MRDYDEVTAF | LGEWGPFQRL | IFFLLSASII | PNGFTGLSSV | FLIATPEHRC | ||||
RVPDAANLSS | AWRNHTVPLR | LRDGREVPHS | CRRYRLATIA | NFSALGLEPG | ||||
RDVDLGQLEQ | ESCLDGWEFS | QDVYLSTIVT | EWNLVCEDDW | KAPLTISLFF | ||||
VGVLLGSFIS | GQLSDRFGRK | NVLFVTMGMQ | TGFSFLQIFS | KNFEMFVVLF | ||||
VLVGMGQISN | YVAAFVLGTE | ILGKSVRIIF | STLGVCIFYA | FGYMVLPLFA | ||||
YFIRDWRMLL | VALTMPGVLC | VALWWFIPES | PRWLISQGRF | EEAEVIIRKA | ||||
AKANGIVVPS | TIFDPSELQD | LSSKKQQSHN | ILDLLRTWNI | RMVTIMSIML | ||||
WMTISVGYFG | LSLDTPNLHG | DIFVNCFLSA | MVEVPAYVLA | WLLLQYLPRR | ||||
YSMATALFLG | GSVLLFMQLV | PPDLYYLATV | LVMVGKFGVT | AAFSMVYVYT | ||||
AELYPTVVRN | MGVGVSSTAS | RLGSILSPYF | VYLGAYDRFL | PYILMGSLTI | ||||
LTAILTLFLP | ESFGTPLPDT | IDQMLRVKGM | KHRKTPSHTR | MLKDGQERPT | ||||
ILKSTAF |
Struktura
urediGen SLC22A5 ima 10 egzona,[8] nalazi se na q kraku hromosoma 5 u poziciji 31.1 i obuhvata 25.910 parova baza.[5] Gen proizvodi protein od 63 kDa sa 557 aminokiselina.[9][10] Protein ima 12 pretpostavljenih transmembranskih domena, sa dugom vanćelijskom petljom od 107 aminokiselina, između prve dva transmembranska domena i unutarćelijskom petljom između četvrtog i petog transmembranskog domena. Ova duga vanćelijska petlja ima tri potencijalna mjesta za N-glikozilaciju, a unutarćelijska petlja ima ATP/GTP vezujući motiv. U pretpostavljenim unutarćelijskim domenima postoji pet potencijalnih mjesta za fosforilaciju ovisne o protein-kinazi C i jedno za fosforilaciju ovisnu o protein-kinazi A.[11]
Funkcija
urediGen SLC22A5 kodira plazmatski integralni membranski protein koji funkcionira i kao transporter organskih kationa i transporter visokog afiniteta karnitina ovisnog o natriju.[5] Kodirani protein uključen je u aktivno ćelijsko preuzimanje karnitina, prenoseći jedan natrijev ion s jednom molekulom karnitina. Organski kationi koji se prenose ovim proteinom uključuju tetraetilamonij (TEA) bez uključivanja natrija. Odnos relativne aktivnosti preuzimanja karnitina i TEA je 11,3.[12]
Klinički značaj
urediGlavni fenotipski učinak autosomno recesivnih mutacija, bilo složena heterozigotna ili homozigotna,[6] u genu SLC22A5 je sistemski primarni nedostatak karnitina,[8] karakterizirana je smanjenim transportom karnitina, gubitkom karnitina u urinu, niskim koncentracijama karnitina u serumu, smanjenom unutarćelijskom akumulacijom karnitina, smanjenom beta-oksidacijom i citosolnim masnimm kiselinama.[6] Pacijenti često pokazuju metaboličku dekompenzaciju, hipoketonsku hipoglikemija, jetrenu encefalopatiju, Reyeov sindrom i iznenadnu smrt novorođenčadi u prvoj godini, nakon čega jeslijedi kasniji početak kardiomiopatija ili skeletnih miopatija, aritmije, slabost mišića i zatajenje srca u ranom djetinjstvu.[6][13][14]
Pacijenti mogu biti asimptomski, pri čemu oko 70% takvih pacijenata ima misens mutacije ili delecije; učestalost nonsens mutacija je povećana kod simptomskih pacijenata.[15] Simptomi i ishod bolesti mogu se drastično poboljšati zamjenskom terapijom, uzimanjem L-karnitina.[16] Procijenjena incidencija primarnog nedostatka karnitina u novorođenčadi je oko 1/40.000.[17]
Interakcije
urediSLC22A5 ima interakcije sa PDZK1.[12]
Također pogledajte
urediReferences
uredi- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000197375 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000018900 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b c "Entrez Gene: SLC22A5 solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 5". Pristupljeno 25. 7. 2018.
- ^ a b c d Lahrouchi N, Lodder EM, Mansouri M, Tadros R, Zniber L, Adadi N, Clur SB, van Spaendonck-Zwarts KY, Postma AV, Sefiani A, Ratbi I, Bezzina CR (juni 2017). "Exome sequencing identifies primary carnitine deficiency in a family with cardiomyopathy and sudden death". European Journal of Human Genetics. 25 (6): 783–787. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2017.22. PMC 5477358. PMID 28295041.
- ^ "UniProt, O76082" (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 20. 10. 2021.
- ^ a b Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, OMIM®. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD. MIM Number: {603377}: {04/29/2015}: . World Wide Web URL: https://omim.org/
- ^ Zong NC, Li H, Li H, Lam MP, Jimenez RC, Kim CS, Deng N, Kim AK, Choi JH, Zelaya I, Liem D, Meyer D, Odeberg J, Fang C, Lu HJ, Xu T, Weiss J, Duan H, Uhlen M, Yates JR, Apweiler R, Ge J, Hermjakob H, Ping P (oktobar 2013). "Integration of cardiac proteome biology and medicine by a specialized knowledgebase". Circulation Research. 113 (9): 1043–53. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.113.301151. PMC 4076475. PMID 23965338.
- ^ "SLC22A5 - Solute carrier family 22 member 5". Cardiac Organellar Protein Atlas Knowledgebase (COPaKB). Arhivirano s originala, 26. 7. 2018. Pristupljeno 20. 10. 2021.
- ^ Wu X, Prasad PD, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V (maj 1998). "cDNA sequence, transport function, and genomic organization of human OCTN2, a new member of the organic cation transporter family". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 246 (3): 589–95. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.8669. PMID 9618255.
- ^ a b "SLC22A5 - Solute carrier family 22 member 5 - Homo sapiens (Human) - SLC22A5 gene & protein". www.uniprot.org (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 25. 7. 2018.
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- ^ Mazzini M, Tadros T, Siwik D, Joseph L, Bristow M, Qin F, Cohen R, Monahan K, Klein M, Colucci W (2011). "Primary carnitine deficiency and sudden death: in vivo evidence of myocardial lipid peroxidation and sulfonylation of sarcoendoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2". Cardiology (jezik: engleski). 120 (1): 52–8. doi:10.1159/000333127. PMID 22116472. S2CID 207687571.
- ^ Yoon YA, Lee DH, Ki CS, Lee SY, Kim JW, Lee YW, Park HD (2012). "SLC22A5 mutations in a patient with systemic primary carnitine deficiency: the first Korean case confirmed by biochemical and molecular investigation". Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science. 42 (4): 424–8. PMID 23090741.
- ^ Agnetti A, Bitton L, Tchana B, Raymond A, Carano N (januar 2013). "Primary carnitine deficiency dilated cardiomyopathy: 28 years follow-up". International Journal of Cardiology. 162 (2): e34–5. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.05.038. PMID 22658351.
- ^ Koizumi A, Nozaki J, Ohura T, Kayo T, Wada Y, Nezu J, Ohashi R, Tamai I, Shoji Y, Takada G, Kibira S, Matsuishi T, Tsuji A (novembar 1999). "Genetic epidemiology of the carnitine transporter OCTN2 gene in a Japanese population and phenotypic characterization in Japanese pedigrees with primary systemic carnitine deficiency". Human Molecular Genetics. 8 (12): 2247–54. doi:10.1093/hmg/8.12.2247. PMID 10545605.
Dopunska literatura
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- Shoji Y, Koizumi A, Kayo T, Ohata T, Takahashi T, Harada K, Takada G (juli 1998). "Evidence for linkage of human primary systemic carnitine deficiency with D5S436: a novel gene locus on chromosome 5q". American Journal of Human Genetics. 63 (1): 101–8. doi:10.1086/301911. PMC 1377235. PMID 9634512.
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Vanjski linkovi
uredi- SLC22A5 protein, human na US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Primary Carnitine Deficiency (OCTN2 database)
Ovaj članak uključuje tekst iz Nacionalne medicinske biblioteke Sjedinjenih Država, koji je u javnom vlasništvu.