Wikipedia

ERBB2

Receptor tirozin-protein kinaze erbB-2, znan i kao CD340 (klaster diferencijacije 340), proto-onkogene Neu, Erbb2 (glodarski) ili ERBB2 (ljudski), je protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom ERBB2. ERBB je skraćeno od eritroblastičnog onkogena B, gena izoliranog iz ptičjeg genoma. Često se naziva i HER2 (od receptor ljudskog epidermnog faktora rasta 2) ili HER2/neu.[5][6][7]

ERBB2
Dostupne strukture
PDBPretraga ortologa: PDBe RCSB
Spisak PDB ID kodova

1MFG, 1MFL, 1MW4, 1N8Z, 1QR1, 1S78, 2A91, 2JWA, 2KS1, 2L4K, 3BE1, 3H3B, 3N85, 3PP0, 3RCD, 3MZW, 3WLW, 3WSQ, 4GFU, 4HRL, 4HRM, 4HRN, 2N2A

Identifikatori
AliasiERBB2
Vanjski ID-jeviOMIM: 164870 MGI: 95410 HomoloGene: 3273 GeneCards: ERBB2
EC broj2.7.10.1
Lokacija gena (čovjek)
Hromosom 17 (čovjek)
Hrom.Hromosom 17 (čovjek)[1]
Hromosom 17 (čovjek)
Genomska lokacija za ERBB2
Genomska lokacija za ERBB2
Bend17q12Početak39,687,914 bp[1]
Kraj39,730,426 bp[1]
Lokacija gena (miš)
Hromosom 11 (miš)
Hrom.Hromosom 11 (miš)[2]
Hromosom 11 (miš)
Genomska lokacija za ERBB2
Genomska lokacija za ERBB2
Bend11 61.75 cM|11 DPočetak98,303,296 bp[2]
Kraj98,328,542 bp[2]
Obrazac RNK ekspresije


Više referentnih podataka o ekspresiji
Ontologija gena
Molekularna funkcija• ErbB-3 class receptor binding
• aktivnost sa transferazom
• nucleotide binding
• protein kinase activity
• protein dimerization activity
• growth factor binding
• RNA polymerase I core binding
• kinase activity
• protein C-terminus binding
• GO:0001948, GO:0016582 vezivanje za proteine
• vezivanje identičnih proteina
• protein heterodimerization activity
• transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity
• protein tyrosine kinase activity
• protein phosphatase binding
• ATP binding
• transmembrane signaling receptor activity
• phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase activity
• Receptorska tirozin-kinaza
Ćelijska komponenta• integral component of membrane
• membrana
• myelin sheath
• receptor complex
• ćelijska membrana
• basolateral plasma membrane
• apical plasma membrane
• perinuklearno područje citoplazme
• endosome membrane
• GO:0016023 citoplazmatska vezikula
• jedro
• citoplazma
• citosol
• integral component of plasma membrane
• basal plasma membrane
Biološki proces• positive regulation of protein phosphorylation
• peripheral nervous system development
• GO:0009373 regulation of transcription, DNA-templated
• negative regulation of immature T cell proliferation in thymus
• positive regulation of MAP kinase activity
• Fosforilacija
• transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway
• positive regulation of epithelial cell proliferation
• cellular response to growth factor stimulus
• Zarastanje rana
• oligodendrocyte differentiation
• regulation of angiogenesis
• positive regulation of translation
• transcription, DNA-templated
• nervous system development
• MAPK cascade
• protein phosphorylation
• heart development
• cell surface receptor signaling pathway
• GO:0032320, GO:0032321, GO:0032855, GO:0043089, GO:0032854 positive regulation of GTPase activity
• positive regulation of cell growth
• regulation of microtubule-based process
• neuromuscular junction development
• regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
• myelination
• protein autophosphorylation
• phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling
• positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase I
• Ćelijska proliferacija
• positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase III
• motor neuron axon guidance
• enzyme linked receptor protein signaling pathway
• GO:0072468 Transdukcija signala
• positive regulation of cell adhesion
• positive regulation of protein targeting to membrane
• ERBB2 signaling pathway
• phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process
• GO:1901313 positive regulation of gene expression
• peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation
• regulation of cell motility
• cellular response to epidermal growth factor stimulus
• GO:0044324, GO:0003256, GO:1901213, GO:0046019, GO:0046020, GO:1900094, GO:0061216, GO:0060994, GO:1902064, GO:0003258, GO:0072212 regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II
• negative regulation of ERBB signaling pathway
• positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling
• negative regulation of signal transduction
• Ćelijska diferencijacija
• negative regulation of apoptotic process
• positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade
• GO:0007243 intracellular signal transduction
• positive regulation of cell population proliferation
• neuron differentiation
• positive regulation of MAPK cascade
Izvori:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolozi
VrsteČovjekMiš
Entrez

2064

13866

Ensembl

ENSG00000141736

ENSMUSG00000062312

UniProt

P04626

P70424

RefSeq (mRNK)

NM_001005862
NM_001289936
NM_001289937
NM_001289938
NM_004448

NM_001003817
NM_010152

RefSeq (bjelančevina)
NP_001005862
NP_001276865
NP_001276866
NP_001276867
NP_004439

NP_001369711
NP_001369712
NP_001369713
NP_001369714
NP_001369715
NP_001369716
NP_001369717
NP_001369718
NP_001369719
NP_001369720
NP_001369721
NP_001369722
NP_001369723
NP_001369724
NP_001369725
NP_001369726
NP_001369727
NP_001369728
NP_001369729
NP_001369730
NP_001369731
NP_001369732
NP_001369733
NP_001369734
NP_001369735

NP_001003817

Lokacija (UCSC)Chr 17: 39.69 – 39.73 MbChr 11: 98.3 – 98.33 Mb
PubMed pretraga[3][4]
Wikipodaci
Pogledaj/uredi – čovjekPogledaj/uredi – miš

HER2 je član ljudske porodice receptora za epidermni faktor rasta (HER / EGFR / ERBB). Pokazalo se da pojačavanje ili pretjerano eksprimiranje ovog onkogena ima važnu ulogu u razvoju i napredovanju određenih agresivnih vrsta karcinoma dojke. Posljednjih godina protein je postao važan biomarker i cilj terapije za približno 30% pacijenata sa karcinomom dojke.[8]

Gen

ERBB2, poznati proto-onkogen, nalazi se na dugom kraku ljudskog hromosoma 17 (17q12).

Ime uredi

HER2 je tako nazvan jer ima sličnu strukturu kao receptor za ljudski epidermni faktor rasta ili HER1. Neu je nazvan zato što je izveden iz ćelijske linije glodarskog glioblastoma, tipa neuronskog tumora. ErbB-2 imenovan je zbog sličnosti sa ErbB (ptičji eritroblastozni onkogen B), za onkogen koji je kasnije utvrđeno da kodira EGFR. Molekulsko kloniranje gena pokazalo je da su svi HER2, Neu i ErbB-2 kodirani istim ortholozima.[9]

Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 1.255 aminokiselina, a molekulska težina 137.910 Da.[10]

Aminokiselinska sekvenca uredi

1020304050
MELAALCRWGLLLALLPPGAASTQVCTGTDMKLRLPASPETHLDMLRHLY
QGCQVVQGNLELTYLPTNASLSFLQDIQEVQGYVLIAHNQVRQVPLQRLR
IVRGTQLFEDNYALAVLDNGDPLNNTTPVTGASPGGLRELQLRSLTEILK
GGVLIQRNPQLCYQDTILWKDIFHKNNQLALTLIDTNRSRACHPCSPMCK
GSRCWGESSEDCQSLTRTVCAGGCARCKGPLPTDCCHEQCAAGCTGPKHS
DCLACLHFNHSGICELHCPALVTYNTDTFESMPNPEGRYTFGASCVTACP
YNYLSTDVGSCTLVCPLHNQEVTAEDGTQRCEKCSKPCARVCYGLGMEHL
REVRAVTSANIQEFAGCKKIFGSLAFLPESFDGDPASNTAPLQPEQLQVF
ETLEEITGYLYISAWPDSLPDLSVFQNLQVIRGRILHNGAYSLTLQGLGI
SWLGLRSLRELGSGLALIHHNTHLCFVHTVPWDQLFRNPHQALLHTANRP
EDECVGEGLACHQLCARGHCWGPGPTQCVNCSQFLRGQECVEECRVLQGL
PREYVNARHCLPCHPECQPQNGSVTCFGPEADQCVACAHYKDPPFCVARC
PSGVKPDLSYMPIWKFPDEEGACQPCPINCTHSCVDLDDKGCPAEQRASP
LTSIISAVVGILLVVVLGVVFGILIKRRQQKIRKYTMRRLLQETELVEPL
TPSGAMPNQAQMRILKETELRKVKVLGSGAFGTVYKGIWIPDGENVKIPV
AIKVLRENTSPKANKEILDEAYVMAGVGSPYVSRLLGICLTSTVQLVTQL
MPYGCLLDHVRENRGRLGSQDLLNWCMQIAKGMSYLEDVRLVHRDLAARN
VLVKSPNHVKITDFGLARLLDIDETEYHADGGKVPIKWMALESILRRRFT
HQSDVWSYGVTVWELMTFGAKPYDGIPAREIPDLLEKGERLPQPPICTID
VYMIMVKCWMIDSECRPRFRELVSEFSRMARDPQRFVVIQNEDLGPASPL
DSTFYRSLLEDDDMGDLVDAEEYLVPQQGFFCPDPAPGAGGMVHHRHRSS
STRSGGGDLTLGLEPSEEEAPRSPLAPSEGAGSDVFDGDLGMGAAKGLQS
LPTHDPSPLQRYSEDPTVPLPSETDGYVAPLTCSPQPEYVNQPDVRPQPP
SPREGPLPAARPAGATLERPKTLSPGKNGVVKDVFAFGGAVENPEYLTPQ
GGAAPQPHPPPAFSPAFDNLYYWDQDPPERGAPPSTFKGTPTAENPEYLG
LDVPV
Simboli

C: Cistein
D: Asparaginska kiselina
E: Glutaminska kiselina
F: Fenilalanin
G: Glicin
H: Histidin
I: Izoleucin
K: Lizin
L: Leucin
M: Metionin
N: Asparagin
P: Prolin
Q: Glutamin
R: Arginin
S: Serin
T: Treonin
V: Valin
W: Triptofan
Y: Tirozin

Funkcija uredi

Porodica ErbB sastoji se od četiri plazmamembranske vezana receptora tirozin-kinaza. Jedan od njih je erbB-2, a drugi članovi su receptori za epidermni faktor rasta, erbB-3 (vezanje neuregulina; nedostaje kinazni domen) i erbB-4. Sva četiri sadrže po domen koji važi kao vanćelijski ligand, transmembranski i unutarćelijski domen, koji mogu komunicirati s mnoštvom signalnih molekula i ispoljavati aktivnost koja ovisi o ligandu i neovisno o ligandu. Značajno je da još nisu identificirani ligandi za HER2.[11][12] HER2 može heterodimerizovati sa bilo kojim od preostala tri receptora i smatra se preferiranim partnerom za dimerizaciju ostalih ErbB receptora.[13]

Dimerizacija rezultira autofosforilacijom ostataka tirozina unutar citoplazmatskog domena receptora i pokreće različite signalne puteve.

Transdukcija signala uredi

Signalni putevi koje aktivira HER2 uključuju:[14]

Ukratko, signalizacija putem porodice receptora ErbB pospješuje ćelijsku proliferaciju i suprotstavlja se apoptozama, te stoga mora biti strogo regulirana, kako bi se spriječio nekontrolirani rast ćelija.

Klinički značaj uredi

Rak uredi

Amplifikacija, poznata i kao pretjerana ekspresija gena ERBB2, javlja se u približno 15-30% karcinoma dojke.[8][15] Snažno je povezana sa povećanim ponavljanjem bolesti i lošom prognozom; međutim, agensi s lijekovima koji ciljaju HER2 u raku dojke značajno su pozitivno promijenili inače lošu prognozu prirodne historije HER2 pozitivnog karcinoma dojke.[16] Također je poznato da se prekomjerna ekspresija javlja i jajnicima,[17] stomaku, adenokarcinomu pluća[18] i agresivnim oblicima karcinoma maternice, kao što je maternični serozni karcinom endometrija,[19][20] npr. HER2 je prekomjerno eksprimiran kod približno 7-34% pacijenata sa karcinomom želuca [21][22] i kod 30% karcinoma pljuvačnih kanala.[23]

HER2 je kolokaliziran i većinu vremena se pojačava s genom GRB7, koji je proto-onkogen povezan s tumorima dojke, zametnih ćelija testisa, želuca i jednjaka.

Pokazalo se da proteini HER2 formiraju nakupine u ćelijskim membranama koje mogu imati ulogu u tumorigenezi.[24][25]

Dokazi su takođe implicirali signalizaciju HER2 u otpornosti na EGFR-ciljani lijek protiv raka, cetuksimab.[26]

Mutacije uredi

Identificirane su različite strukturne promjene koje uzrokuju mutiranje ovog receptora neovisno o ligandu, i to u odsustvu pretjerane ekspresije receptora. HER2 se nalazi u raznim tumorima, a neki od tih tumora nose točkaste mutacije u nizu koji određuje transmembranski domen HER2. Zamjena valina glutaminskom kiselinom u transmembranskom domenu može rezultirati konstitutivnom dimerizacijom ovog proteina u odsustvu liganda.[27]

Mutacije HER2 pronađene su u raku pluća ne-malih ćelija (NSCLC) i mogu usmjeriti liječenje.[28]

Kao meta lijekova uredi

HER2 je meta monoklonskih antitijela trastuzumab (u prodaji kao Herceptin). Trastuzumab je efikasan samo kod karcinoma kod kojih je HER2 prekomjerno eksprimiran. Jednogodišnja terapija trastuzumabom preporučuje se svim pacijentima sa HER2 pozitivnim karcinomom dojke koji također primaju hemoterapiju.[29] Dvanaest mjeseci terapije trastuzumabom je optimalno. Randomizirana ispitivanja nisu pokazala dodatnu korist nakon 12 mjeseci, dok se pokazalo da je šest mjeseci inferiorno u odnosu na 12. Trastuzumab se daje intravenozno sedmično ili svake tri sedmice.[30]

Važan nizvodni učinak vezanja trastuzumaba za HER2 je povećanjep27, proteina koji zaustavlja proliferaciju ćelija.[31] FDA je odobrila za upotrebu u kombinaciji sa trastuzumabom u junu 2012. godine još jedno monoklonsko antitelo, Pertuzumab, koje inhibira dimerizaciju HER2 i HER3 receptora.

Od novembra 2015. postoji niz tekućih i nedavno završenih kliničkih ispitivanja novih ciljanih sredstava za HER2 + metastatski rak dojke, npr. margetuximab.[32]

Pored toga, NeuVax (marka Galena Biopharma) je imunoterapija zasnovana na peptidu, koja usmjerava T-ćelije "ubice" na ciljanje i uništavanje ćelija karcinoma koje eksprimiraju HER2. Ušao je u fazu 3 kliničkih ispitivanja.

Utvrđeno je da pacijenti sa ER + (estrogenski receptor pozitivan) / HER2 + u poređenju sa ER-/ HER2 + karcinomom dojke zapravo mogu imati veću korist od lijekova koji inhibirajuPI3K / AKT molekulski put.[33]

Prekomjerna ekspresija HER2 također se može suzbiti pojačavanjem drugih gena. Sada se provodi istraživanje kako bi se otkrilo koji geni mogu imati ovaj željeni efekat.

Ekspresija HER2 regulira se signaliziranjem putem estrogenskih receptora. Uobičajeno, estradiol i tamoksifen, koji deluju preko estrogenskog receptora reguliraju ekspresiju HER2. Međutim, kada odnoskoaktivator< AIB-3 premaši odnos korepresor PAX2, ekspresija HER2 povećana je u prisustvu tamoksifena, što dovodi do rezistencije raka dojke na tamoksifen.[34][35]

 
Distribucija Her2 i Her3 na ćelijama dojke (3D dvojna mikroskopska superrezolucija u boji SPDMphymod/LIMON, označeno programom Alexa 488 i 568)

Dijagnostika uredi

Biopsija raka uredi

Ispitivanje HER2 vrši se kod pacijenata sa rakom dojke radi procjene prognoze i utvrđivanja pogodnosti za terapiju trastuzumabom. Važno je da je trastuzumab ograničen na HER2 pozitivne osobe jer je skup i povezan je sa toksičnošću za srce.[36] Za HER2 pozitivne tumore, rizici trastuzumaba očito premašuju koristi.

 
Bojenje Her 2 u tkivu karcinoma dojke identificirano kao stadij 3
 
Bojenjem se vidi ćelijska membrana kontinuirane smeđe boje.

Testovi se obično izvode na uzorcima biopsija dojke, dobijenih bilo putem aspiracija tanke igle, biopsijom jezgrene igle, biopsijom dojke uz pomoć vakuuma ili hirurškim izrezivanjem. Imunohistohemijski metodi koriste se za mjerenje količine HER2 proteina prisutnog u uzorku. Primjeri ovog ispitivanja uključuju HercepTest, Dako, Glostrup i Danmark. Uzorak se ocjenjuje na osnovu uzorka bojenja ćelijske membrane.

Imunohistohemija
Rezultat[37][38] Status[37][38] Svojstvo
0 Negativni HER2
(Nema)		 Negativna ekspresija proteina HER2 [39]
1+ Slabo ili nepotpuno bojenje membrane u bilo kojim ćelijama tumora.[39]
2+ Granično/nedvosmisleno
  • Potpuno bojenje membrane koje je ili neujednačenog ili slabog intenziteta, ali ima obodnu distribuciju u najmanje 10% ćelija.[38][39]

ili ujednačeno intenzivno bojenje membrane na 30% ili manje tumorskih ćelija.[39]

3+ Pozitivan HER2 Ujednačeno intenzivno bojenje membrane na 30% ili manje tumorskih ćelija.[38][39]

Uzorci s dvosmislenim IHC rezultatima bi potom trebali biti potvrđeni upotrebom fluorescentnom in situ hibridizacijom (FISH). FISH se može koristiti za mjerenje broja prisutnih kopija gena i smatra se pouzdanijim od IHC.[40]

Serum uredi

Vanćelijski domen HER2 može se izbaciti s površine tumorskih ćelija i ući u cirkulaciju. Mjerenje serumskog HER2 enzimski povezanim imunosorbentskim testom (ELISA) nudi daleko manje invazivnu metodu određivanja HER2 statusa od biopsije i stoga je opsežno istraženo. Dosadašnji rezultati sugeriraju da bi promjene u koncentraciji HER2 u serumu mogle biti korisne u predviđanju odgovora na terapiju trastuzumabom.[41] However, its ability to determine eligibility for trastuzumab therapy is less clear.[42]

Interakcije uredi

Dokazano je da HER2 / neu ima interakcije sa:

See also uredi

Reference uredi

  1. ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000141736 - Ensembl, maj 2017
  2. ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000062312 - Ensembl, maj 2017
  3. ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. ^ "ERBB2 erb-b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 14. 6. 2016.
  6. ^ "ERBB2". Genetics Home Reference. Pristupljeno 19. 6. 2016.
  7. ^ Barh D, Gunduz M (22. 1. 2015). Noninvasive Molecular Markers in Gynecologic Cancers. CRC Press. str. 427. ISBN 9781466569393.
  8. ^ a b Mitri Z, Constantine T, O'Regan R (2012). "The HER2 Receptor in Breast Cancer: Pathophysiology, Clinical Use, and New Advances in Therapy". Chemotherapy Research and Practice. 2012: 743193. doi:10.1155/2012/743193. PMC 3539433. PMID 23320171.
  9. ^ Coussens L, Yang-Feng TL, Liao YC, Chen E, Gray A, McGrath J, Seeburg PH, Libermann TA, Schlessinger J, Francke U (decembar 1985). "Tyrosine kinase receptor with extensive homology to EGF receptor shares chromosomal location with neu oncogene". Science. 230 (4730): 1132–9. Bibcode:1985Sci...230.1132C. doi:10.1126/science.2999974. PMID 2999974.
  10. ^ "UniProt, P04626". Pristupljeno 22. 6. 2021.
  11. ^ Keshamouni VG, Mattingly RR, Reddy KB (juni 2002). "Mechanism of 17-beta-estradiol-induced Erk1/2 activation in breast cancer cells. A role for HER2 AND PKC-delta". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 277 (25): 22558–65. doi:10.1074/jbc.M202351200. PMID 11960991.
  12. ^ Rusnak DW, Affleck K, Cockerill SG, Stubberfield C, Harris R, Page M, et al. (oktobar 2001). "The characterization of novel, dual ErbB-2/EGFR, tyrosine kinase inhibitors: potential therapy for cancer". Cancer Research. 61 (19): 7196–203. PMID 11585755.
  13. ^ Olayioye MA (2001). "Update on HER-2 as a target for cancer therapy: intracellular signaling pathways of ErbB2/HER-2 and family members". Breast Cancer Research. 3 (6): 385–9. doi:10.1186/bcr327. PMC 138705. PMID 11737890.
  14. ^ Roy V, Perez EA (novembar 2009). "Beyond trastuzumab: small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors in HER-2-positive breast cancer". The Oncologist. 14 (11): 1061–9. doi:10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0142. PMID 19887469.
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