SHANK3
SH3 i multiplo ponavljajući ankirinski domeni 3 (Shank3), znani i kao prolinom bogati sinapsno vezani protein 2 (ProSAP2), jest protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom SHANK3 sa hromosoma 22.[5] Za ovaj gen opisane su i dodatne izoforme, ali još uvijek nisu eksperimentalno potvrđene.
Aminokiselinska sekvenca
urediDužina polipeptidnog lanca je 1.731 aminokiselina, a molekulska težina 184.667 Da.[5]
10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MDGPGASAVV | VRVGIPDLQQ | TKCLRLDPAA | PVWAAKQRVL | CALNHSLQDA | ||||
LNYGLFQPPS | RGRAGKFLDE | ERLLQEYPPN | LDTPLPYLEF | RYKRRVYAQN | ||||
LIDDKQFAKL | HTKANLKKFM | DYVQLHSTDK | VARLLDKGLD | PNFHDPDSGE | ||||
CPLSLAAQLD | NATDLLKVLK | NGGAHLDFRT | RDGLTAVHCA | TRQRNAAALT | ||||
TLLDLGASPD | YKDSRGLTPL | YHSALGGGDA | LCCELLLHDH | AQLGITDENG | ||||
WQEIHQACRF | GHVQHLEHLL | FYGADMGAQN | ASGNTALHIC | ALYNQESCAR | ||||
VLLFRGANRD | VRNYNSQTAF | QVAIIAGNFE | LAEVIKTHKD | SDVVPFRETP | ||||
SYAKRRRLAG | PSGLASPRPL | QRSASDINLK | GEAQPAASPG | PSLRSLPHQL | ||||
LLQRLQEEKD | RDRDADQESN | ISGPLAGRAG | QSKISPSGPG | GPGPAPGPGP | ||||
APPAPPAPPP | RGPKRKLYSA | VPGRKFIAVK | AHSPQGEGEI | PLHRGEAVKV | ||||
LSIGEGGFWE | GTVKGRTGWF | PADCVEEVQM | RQHDTRPETR | EDRTKRLFRH | ||||
YTVGSYDSLT | SHSDYVIDDK | VAVLQKRDHE | GFGFVLRGAK | AETPIEEFTP | ||||
TPAFPALQYL | ESVDVEGVAW | RAGLRTGDFL | IEVNGVNVVK | VGHKQVVALI | ||||
RQGGNRLVMK | VVSVTRKPEE | DGARRRAPPP | PKRAPSTTLT | LRSKSMTAEL | ||||
EELASIRRRK | GEKLDEMLAA | AAEPTLRPDI | ADADSRAATV | KQRPTSRRIT | ||||
PAEISSLFER | QGLPGPEKLP | GSLRKGIPRT | KSVGEDEKLA | SLLEGRFPRS | ||||
TSMQDPVREG | RGIPPPPQTA | PPPPPAPYYF | DSGPPPAFSP | PPPPGRAYDT | ||||
VRSSFKPGLE | ARLGAGAAGL | YEPGAALGPL | PYPERQKRAR | SMIILQDSAP | ||||
ESGDAPRPPP | AATPPERPKR | RPRPPGPDSP | YANLGAFSAS | LFAPSKPQRR | ||||
KSPLVKQLQV | EDAQERAALA | VGSPGPGGGS | FAREPSPTHR | GPRPGGLDYG | ||||
AGDGPGLAFG | GPGPAKDRRL | EERRRSTVFL | SVGAIEGSAP | GADLPSLQPS | ||||
RSIDERLLGT | GPTAGRDLLL | PSPVSALKPL | VSGPSLGPSG | STFIHPLTGK | ||||
PLDPSSPLAL | ALAARERALA | SQAPSRSPTP | VHSPDADRPG | PLFVDVQARD | ||||
PERGSLASPA | FSPRSPAWIP | VPARREAEKV | PREERKSPED | KKSMILSVLD | ||||
TSLQRPAGLI | VVHATSNGQE | PSRLGGAEEE | RPGTPELAPA | PMQSAAVAEP | ||||
LPSPRAQPPG | GTPADAGPGQ | GSSEEEPELV | FAVNLPPAQL | SSSDEETREE | ||||
LARIGLVPPP | EEFANGVLLA | TPLAGPGPSP | TTVPSPASGK | PSSEPPPAPE | ||||
SAADSGVEEA | DTRSSSDPHL | ETTSTISTVS | SMSTLSSESG | ELTDTHTSFA | ||||
DGHTFLLEKP | PVPPKPKLKS | PLGKGPVTFR | DPLLKQSSDS | ELMAQQHHAA | ||||
SAGLASAAGP | ARPRYLFQRR | SKLWGDPVES | RGLPGPEDDK | PTVISELSSR | ||||
LQQLNKDTRS | LGEEPVGGLG | SLLDPAKKSP | IAAARLFSSL | GELSSISAQR | ||||
SPGGPGGGAS | YSVRPSGRYP | VARRAPSPVK | PASLERVEGL | GAGAGGAGRP | ||||
FGLTPPTILK | SSSLSIPHEP | KEVRFVVRSV | SARSRSPSPS | PLPSPASGPG | ||||
PGAPGPRRPF | QQKPLQLWSK | FDVGDWLESI | HLGEHRDRFE | DHEIEGAHLP | ||||
ALTKDDFVEL | GVTRVGHRMN | IERALRQLDG | S |
Funkcija
urediOvaj gen je član porodice Shank gena. Kodira protein koji sadrži pet interakcijskih domena ili motiva uključujući domen ankirinskog ponavljanja (ANK), src 3 domen (SH3), domen bogat prolinom i PDZ domen i sterilni α motiv (SAM).[6] Shank proteini su proteini multidomenski skele postsinapsne gustine koji povezuju neurotransmiterske receptore, ionske kanale i druge membranske proteine sa aktinskim citoskeletom i signalnim putevima vezanim za G-protein. Također imaju ulogu u formiranju sinapse i sazrijevanju dendritske kičme.[7]
Klinički značaj
urediMutacije u ovom genu povezane su sa poremećajima iz spektra autizma.[8] Ovaj gen često nedostaje kod pacijenata sa sindromom delecije 22q13.3 (Phelan-McDermid sindrom),[9] iako ne u svim slučajevima.[10]
Interakcije
urediMišji modeli
urediModeli mišjeg SHANK3 uključuju N-terminalne nokaute[12][13] and a PDZ domain knock-out[14] svi oni također pokazuju deficite socijalne interakcije i druge varijabilne fenotipove. Većina ovih miševa su homozigotni nokauti, dok su sve ljudske mutacije gena Shank3 bile heterozigotne.
U inducibilnom nokautu, obnavljanje ekspresije Shank3 kod odraslih miševa potaknulo je dendritski rast kičme i povratilo normalno ponašanje u njezi i dobrovoljnu društvenu interakciju.[15] Međutim, ostali su deficiti smanjena lokomocija, anksioznost i rotarod. Obnavljanje ekspresije gena zametne linije spasilo je sve izmjerene fenotipove. Eksperimenti na različitim razvojnim prozorima sugerirali su da je rana intervencija učinkovitija u obnavljanju osobina ponašanja.
Pacovski modeli
urediPacovski model SHANK3 je razvijen korištenjem nukleaza cinkovog prsta ciljanog na egzon 6 domena ankirinskog ponavljanja (ANK). Delecija (–68bp) rezultirala je smanjenjem pune dužine proteina SHANK3a. Nije jasno da li je ekspresija drugih izoformi (b i c) SHANK3 pogođena u ovom modelu glodara. Mutantni pacovi shank3 imaju deficite u dugotrajnoj memoriji, ali ne i kratkoročnoj memoriji društvenog prepoznavanja, kao i deficitu pažnje. Ovi mutanti također imaju oštećenu sinapsnu plastičnost. Kod ljudi opisano je pet pacijenata koji imaju različite mutacije u egzonu 6 proteina SHANK3.
Reference
uredi- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000251322 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022623 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ a b "Entrez Gene: SHANK3 SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domains 3".
- ^ Sheng M, Kim E (juni 2000). "The Shank family of scaffold proteins". Journal of Cell Science. 113 ( Pt 11) (11): 1851–6. doi:10.1242/jcs.113.11.1851. PMID 10806096.
- ^ Boeckers TM, Bockmann J, Kreutz MR, Gundelfinger ED (juni 2002). "ProSAP/Shank proteins - a family of higher order organizing molecules of the postsynaptic density with an emerging role in human neurological disease". Journal of Neurochemistry. 81 (5): 903–10. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.00931.x. PMID 12065602. S2CID 19894590.
- ^ Brown, EA; et al. (2018). "Clustering the autisms using glutamate synapse protein interaction networks from cortical and hippocampal tissue of seven mouse models". Molecular Autism. BioMed Central. 9 (48): 1-16. doi:10.1186/s13229-018-0229-1. PMC 6139139. PMID 30237867. Arhivirano s originala, 29. 3. 2021. Pristupljeno 19. 11. 2021.
- ^ Sarasua SM, Dwivedi A, Boccuto L, Rollins JD, Chen CF, Rogers RC, Phelan K, DuPont BR, Collins JS (novembar 2011). "Association between deletion size and important phenotypes expands the genomic region of interest in Phelan-McDermid syndrome (22q13 deletion syndrome)". Journal of Medical Genetics. 48 (11): 761–6. doi:10.1136/jmedgenet-2011-100225. PMID 21984749. S2CID 28620399.
- ^ Simenson K, Õiglane-Shlik E, Teek R, Kuuse K, Õunap K (mart 2014). "A patient with the classic features of Phelan-McDermid syndrome and a high immunoglobulin E level caused by a cryptic interstitial 0.72-Mb deletion in the 22q13.2 region". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A. 164A (3): 806–9. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.36358. PMID 24375995. S2CID 7917552.
- ^ Park E, Na M, Choi J, Kim S, Lee JR, Yoon J, Park D, Sheng M, Kim E (maj 2003). "The Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins interacts with and promotes synaptic accumulation of the beta PIX guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1 and Cdc42". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (21): 19220–9. doi:10.1074/jbc.M301052200. PMID 12626503.
- ^ Wang X, McCoy PA, Rodriguiz RM, Pan Y, Je HS, Roberts AC, Kim CJ, Berrios J, Colvin JS, Bousquet-Moore D, Lorenzo I, Wu G, Weinberg RJ, Ehlers MD, Philpot BD, Beaudet AL, Wetsel WC, Jiang YH (august 2011). "Synaptic dysfunction and abnormal behaviors in mice lacking major isoforms of Shank3". Human Molecular Genetics. 20 (15): 3093–108. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr212. PMC 3131048. PMID 21558424.
- ^ Bozdagi O, Sakurai T, Papapetrou D, Wang X, Dickstein DL, Takahashi N, Kajiwara Y, Yang M, Katz AM, Scattoni ML, Harris MJ, Saxena R, Silverman JL, Crawley JN, Zhou Q, Hof PR, Buxbaum JD (decembar 2010). "Haploinsufficiency of the autism-associated Shank3 gene leads to deficits in synaptic function, social interaction, and social communication". Molecular Autism. 1 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/2040-2392-1-15. PMC 3019144. PMID 21167025.
- ^ Peça J, Feliciano C, Ting JT, Wang W, Wells MF, Venkatraman TN, Lascola CD, Fu Z, Feng G (april 2011). "Shank3 mutant mice display autistic-like behaviours and striatal dysfunction" (PDF). Nature. 472 (7344): 437–42. Bibcode:2011Natur.472..437P. doi:10.1038/nature09965. PMC 3090611. PMID 21423165.
- ^ Mei Y, Monteiro P, Zhou Y, Kim JA, Gao X, Fu Z, Feng G (februar 2016). "Adult restoration of Shank3 expression rescues selective autistic-like phenotypes". Nature. 530 (7591): 481–4. Bibcode:2016Natur.530..481M. doi:10.1038/nature16971. PMC 4898763. PMID 26886798.
Dopunska literatura
uredi- Shcheglovitov A, Shcheglovitova O, Yazawa M, Portmann T, Shu R, Sebastiano V, Krawisz A, Froehlich W, Bernstein JA, Hallmayer JF, Dolmetsch RE (novembar 2013). "SHANK3 and IGF1 restore synaptic deficits in neurons from 22q13 deletion syndrome patients". Nature. 503 (7475): 267–71. Bibcode:2013Natur.503..267S. doi:10.1038/nature12618. PMC 5559273. PMID 24132240.
- Tu JC, Xiao B, Naisbitt S, Yuan JP, Petralia RS, Brakeman P, Doan A, Aakalu VK, Lanahan AA, Sheng M, Worley PF (juli 1999). "Coupling of mGluR/Homer and PSD-95 complexes by the Shank family of postsynaptic density proteins". Neuron. 23 (3): 583–92. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80810-7. PMID 10433269.
- Sheng M, Kim E (juni 2000). "The Shank family of scaffold proteins". Journal of Cell Science. 113 ( Pt 11) (11): 1851–6. doi:10.1242/jcs.113.11.1851. PMID 10806096.
- Boeckers TM, Kreutz MR, Winter C, Zuschratter W, Smalla KH, Sanmarti-Vila L, Wex H, Langnaese K, Bockmann J, Garner CC, Gundelfinger ED (august 1999). "Proline-rich synapse-associated protein-1/cortactin binding protein 1 (ProSAP1/CortBP1) is a PDZ-domain protein highly enriched in the postsynaptic density". The Journal of Neuroscience. 19 (15): 6506–18. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-15-06506.1999. PMC 6782800. PMID 10414979.
- Hirosawa M, Nagase T, Murahashi Y, Kikuno R, Ohara O (februar 2001). "Identification of novel transcribed sequences on human chromosome 22 by expressed sequence tag mapping". DNA Research. 8 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1093/dnares/8.1.1. PMID 11258795.
- Bonaglia MC, Giorda R, Borgatti R, Felisari G, Gagliardi C, Selicorni A, Zuffardi O (august 2001). "Disruption of the ProSAP2 gene in a t(12;22)(q24.1;q13.3) is associated with the 22q13.3 deletion syndrome". American Journal of Human Genetics. 69 (2): 261–8. doi:10.1086/321293. PMC 1235301. PMID 11431708.
- Soltau M, Richter D, Kreienkamp HJ (decembar 2002). "The insulin receptor substrate IRSp53 links postsynaptic shank1 to the small G-protein cdc42". Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 21 (4): 575–83. doi:10.1006/mcne.2002.1201. PMID 12504591. S2CID 572407.
- Bonaglia MC, Giorda R, Mani E, Aceti G, Anderlid BM, Baroncini A, Pramparo T, Zuffardi O (oktobar 2006). "Identification of a recurrent breakpoint within the SHANK3 gene in the 22q13.3 deletion syndrome". Journal of Medical Genetics. 43 (10): 822–8. doi:10.1136/jmg.2005.038604. PMC 2563164. PMID 16284256.
- Durand CM, Betancur C, Boeckers TM, Bockmann J, Chaste P, Fauchereau F, Nygren G, Rastam M, Gillberg IC, Anckarsäter H, Sponheim E, Goubran-Botros H, Delorme R, Chabane N, Mouren-Simeoni MC, de Mas P, Bieth E, Rogé B, Héron D, Burglen L, Gillberg C, Leboyer M, Bourgeron T (januar 2007). "Mutations in the gene encoding the synaptic scaffolding protein SHANK3 are associated with autism spectrum disorders". Nature Genetics. 39 (1): 25–7. doi:10.1038/ng1933. PMC 2082049. PMID 17173049.
- Moessner R, Marshall CR, Sutcliffe JS, Skaug J, Pinto D, Vincent J, Zwaigenbaum L, Fernandez B, Roberts W, Szatmari P, Scherer SW (decembar 2007). "Contribution of SHANK3 mutations to autism spectrum disorder". American Journal of Human Genetics. 81 (6): 1289–97. doi:10.1086/522590. PMC 2276348. PMID 17999366.
- Mei Y, Monteiro P, Zhou Y, Kim JA, Gao X, Fu Z, Feng G (februar 2016). "Adult restoration of Shank3 expression rescues selective autistic-like phenotypes". Nature. 530 (7591): 481–4. Bibcode:2016Natur.530..481M. doi:10.1038/nature16971. PMC 4898763. PMID 26886798.