Arapi
Arapi (arapski: عرب ʻarab) su tnička grupa[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] i semitski narod koji je većim dijelom nastanjen na Bliskom istoku i u Sjevernoj Africi. Značajna arapska dijaspora prisutna je u raznim dijelovima svijeta.[50] Podaci o broju Arapa su različiti jer postoje tri klasifikacije pripadnosti arapskom narodu: prema politici, jeziku i porijeklu. U zavisnosti koja se od ove tri klasifikacije koriste, zavisi i ukupan broj Arapa. Najčešća je klasifikacija prema maternjem jeziku, tj. prvom jeziku kojim se služe i prema toj klasifikaciji Arapa je oko 300 miliona. Arapi govore arapskim jezikom i koriste se arapskim pismom.
Arapi | |
---|---|
العرب Al-ʿArab | |
Ukupna populacija | |
400–420 miliona Arapska liga 350 miliona Dijaspora 50 miliona | |
Značajno stanovništvo u | |
Arapska liga | 350.000.000[1][2] |
Brazil | 11.600.000-12.000.000[3][4][5] |
Francuska | 5.500.000–7.000.000[6][7] |
Turska | 5.000.000[8][a] |
SAD | 3.700.000[10] |
Argentina | 3.500.000[11] |
Kolumbija | 3.200.000[12][13][14][15][16] |
Izrael | 2.080.000[17] |
Čad | 1.800.000[18] |
Iran | 1.600.000-4.000.000[19]–4,000,000[20] |
Venecuela | 1.600.000[21] |
Njemačka | 1.401.950[22] |
Španija | 1.350.000[23][24] |
Meksiko | 1.100.000[25] |
Čile | 800.000[26][27][28] |
Kanada | 750.925[29] |
Italija | 705.968[30] |
Švedska | 543.350[31] |
Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo | 500.000[32] |
Australija | 500.000[33] |
Jezik | |
Arapski | |
Vjera | |
muslimani mali broj kršćana |
Arapi su bili u Plodnom polumjesecu hiljadama godina.[51] U 9. vijeku p. n. e, Asirci su pisanim putem spominjali Arape kao stanovnike Levanta, Mezopotamije i Arabije.[52] Širom drevnog Bliskog istoka, Arapi su uspostavili uticajne civilizacije počevši od 3000. godine p. n. e, kao što su Dilmun, Gerrha i Magan, igrajući vitalnu ulogu u trgovini između Mezopotamije i Mediterana.[53] Ostala istaknuta plemena uključuju Midjan, ʿĀd i Samud koji se spominju u Bibliji i Kur'anu. Kasnije, 900. godine p. n. e, Kedarci su imali bliske odnose sa obližnjim Kanaanskim i Aramejskim državama, a njihova teritorija se prostirala od Donjeg Egipta do Južnog Levanta.[54] Od 1200. p. n. e, do 110. p. n. e, u Arabiji su se pojavila moćna kraljevstva kao što su Saba, Lihjan, Minean, Kataban, Hadhramaut, Avsan i Homerite.[55] Prema abrahamskoj tradiciji, Arapi su potomci Abrahama preko njegovog sina Ismaila.[56]
Tokom klasične antike, Nabatejci su uspostavili svoje kraljevstvo sa Petrom kao glavnim gradom 300. godine p.n.e,[57] do 271, Palmirsko Carstvo sa glavnim gradom Palmirom, predvođeno kraljicom Zenobijom, obuhvatalo je Sirijsku Palestinu, Arabijsku Petraju i Egipat, kao kao i velike dijelove Anadolije.[58] Arapski Itureanci su naseljavali Liban, Siriju i sjevernu Palestinu (Galileju) tokom helenističkog i rimskog perioda.[59] Osroene i Hatran su bile arapska kraljevstva u Gornjoj Mesopotamiji oko 200. godine.[60] Sasanijci su 164. priznali Arape kao "Arbajistan", što znači "zemlja Arapa",[61] pošto su bili dio Adiabene u gornjoj Mezopotamiji.[62] Arapski Emeseni vladali su 46. p. n. e. Emesom (Homs), Sirija.[63] Tokom kasne antike, Tanuhidi, Salihidi, Lakhmidi, Kinda i Ghassanidi bili su dominantna arapska plemena na Levantu, Mezopotamiji i Arabiji, oni su pretežno prihvatili kršćanstvo.[64]
Narod
urediSemitski narod nastanjen je na Srednjem Istoku i sjevernoj Africi, od Maroka na krajnjem zapadu do Omana na istoku, i od Turske na sjeveru do Jemena i Sudana na jugu. Geografski Arapi se prostiru na nekih 10 miliona kvadratnih kilometara i broje najmanje 250.000.000 pripadnika. Oko 4 miliona Arapa živi također u Evropi i oko 2 miliona u Americi. Srce arapske zemlje je Saudijska Arabija i Jemen, područje poznato kao Hidžaz. Oko 610. godine, rođenjem Islama, Hidžaz postaje trgovačko središte duž karavanskih puteva a Mekka postaje jedan od najznačajnijih svjetskih gradova.
Etnički, Arapi su uglavnom tamnokosi i smeđih očiju, puti svijetle, ali i ona varira od mjesta do mjesta. Po vjeri su većinom sunitski muslimani, i tek 10% šijiti (osobito u Iranu, Jemenu, dijelu Iraka i obali Perzijskog zaljeva). Prvenstveno Arapi su, uz Židove, jedan od dva naroda kojima je porijeklo dao Sem, Hamov brat. Kroz svoju historiju osnovali su cijeli niz država kao što su: Alžir, Bahrein, Egipat, Irak, Jordan, Kuvajt, Libanon, Libija, Maroko, Oman, Katar, Saudijska Arabija, Sudan, Sirija, Tunis, Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati, Jemen i Palestina koja se još bori za svoj nastanak i priznanje. Gledajući sa socijalnog aspekta, Arapi se dijele na stalno-naseljene (ruralni ' fellahin' = seljaci i urbani ' hadar', gradski Arapi) i nomadske Arape, poznajemo ih kao Beduine. Postoji i više jezično semitiziranih (tačnije arabiziranih) naroda koji nisu etnički Arapi, naročito ima arabiziranih Židova u sjevernoj Africi, Jemenu i Iraku. Arabizirani su i neki Kopti (koji su ipak porijeklom Egipćani, hamitski narod čiji su preci osnovali egipatsku kulturu i državu). Među hamitskim Berberima također postoji i dosta arabiziranih grupa, nomada koji naseljavaju pustinjske predjele sjeverne Afrike.
Ime
urediIme Arapi i Arabija javlja se još u asirskim tekstovima kao mâtu arbâi /Arab land/, tačna lokacija ovog područja nije poznata, kasnije se javljaju termini Arabi, Arubu, Urbi. U srodnom hebrejskom jeziku riječ `aravah’ i ‘arav’ označava pustinju, pa bi se moglo prevesti da su Arapi ‘pustinjski narod’. Poluostrvo Arabija prekriveno je nepreglednim pustinjama i pradomovina je ovog ekspanzivnog naroda koji se proširio preko cijele sjeverne Afrike.
Jezik
urediArapski jezik pripada semitskoj grani semitsko-hamitske porodice, pismo je arapsko.
Vjerski običaji
urediArapi su većinom islamske vjeroispovijesti, što u veliko diktira način njihovog života i njihove običaje. Arapi su također u manjini kršćani i druzi, te žive u Libanu i Siriji, gdje zahvaljujući vjerskoj mješanosti postoji daleko veća varijacija u tradiciji i običajima.
Muslimanski Arapi su narod koji živi po pravilima Kur'ana. Kuran je često osnova zakona arapskih država kojima su regulirani neki aspekti njihovog života. Među Arapima preovladava patrijarhalni sistem. Poligamija je u nekim arapskim zemljama dozvoljena. Arapi, kao ni Židovi, ne jedu svinjetinu, i uglavnom se koristi govedina, ovčetina i puretina. U zemljama sjeverne Afrike je poznato nacionalno jelo kus-kus, priprema se sa ovčetinom, ribom i raznim povrćem. Umjesto masti Arapi koriste maslinovo ulje i druge masnoće biljnog porijekla, a kolači se često prave od meda.
Svaki Arapin-musliman trebao bi barem jednom u životu otići na hadždž u Meku.
Arapi u Evropi
urediArapima u Evropi zahvaljujemo na znanju o umjetnom navodnjavanju tla, koje se zbog bezobzirnog krčenja šuma počelo isušivati. Iz Španije ovo se znanje proširilo na sjever, preko Alpa sve do Islanda. Španska riječ 'noria', označava stepen navodnjavanja, i nastala je od arapskog nd'ura. Pamuk, koji danas vodi glavnu riječ u tekstilnoj industriji, su u Evropu donijeli Arapi, iz njihov jezika potekao je francuski izraz 'coton' i engleski 'cotton'.
Arapske zajednice
uredi- Arapi (iz Arabije)… 32,231,000
- Hassaniya Arapi… 4,714,000
- Levantski Arapi…53,032,000
- Libijski Arapi 3,785,000
- Arapi Maghreba…74,142,000
- Shuwa Arapi… 1,986,000
- Sudanski Arapi… 22,135,000
- Jemenski Arapi… 10,999,000
- Beduini Arabije… 14,187,000
- Saharski Beduini… 7,473,000
Također pogledajte
urediBilješke
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Dodatna literatura
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