Wikipedia

Arapi

Arapi (arapski: عرب ʻarab) su etnička grupa[34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] i semitski narod koji je većim dijelom nastanjen na Bliskom istoku i u Sjevernoj Africi. Značajna arapska dijaspora prisutna je u raznim dijelovima svijeta.[50] Podaci o broju Arapa su različiti jer postoje tri klasifikacije pripadnosti arapskom narodu: prema politici, jeziku i porijeklu. U zavisnosti koja se od ove tri klasifikacije koriste, zavisi i ukupan broj Arapa. Najčešća je klasifikacija prema maternjem jeziku, prvom jeziku kojim se služe i prema toj klasifikaciji Arapa je oko 300 miliona. Arapi govore arapskim jezikom i koriste se arapskim pismom.

Arapi
العرب Al-ʿArab
Ukupna populacija
400–420 miliona
Arapska liga 350 miliona
Dijaspora 50 miliona
Značajno stanovništvo u
Arapska liga350.000.000[1][2]
Brazil11.600.000-12.000.000[3][4][5]
Francuska5.500.000–7.000.000[6][7]
Turska5.000.000[8][a]
SAD3.700.000[10]
Argentina3.500.000[11]
Kolumbija3.200.000[12][13][14][15][16]
Izrael2.080.000[17]
Čad1.800.000[18]
Iran1.600.000-4.000.000[19]–4,000,000[20]
Venecuela1.600.000[21]
Njemačka1.401.950[22]
Španija1.350.000[23][24]
Meksiko1.100.000[25]
Čile800.000[26][27][28]
Kanada750.925[29]
Italija705.968[30]
Švedska543.350[31]
Ujedinjeno Kraljevstvo500.000[32]
Australija500.000[33]
Jezik
Arapski
Vjera
muslimani
mali broj kršćana

Arapi su živjeli u posručjima Plodnom polumjesecu.[51] U 9. vijeku p. n. e, Asirci su pisanim putem spominjali Arape kao stanovnike Levanta, Mezopotamije i Arabije.[52] Širom drevnog Bliskog istoka, Arapi su uspostavili uticajne civilizacije počevši od 3000. godine p. n. e, kao što su Dilmun, Gerrha i Magan, igrajući vitalnu ulogu u trgovini između Mezopotamije i Mediterana.[53] Ostala istaknuta plemena uključuju Midjan, ʿĀd i Samud koji se spominju u Bibliji i Kur'anu. Kasnije, 900. godine p. n. e, Kedarci su imali bliske odnose sa obližnjim Kanaanskim i Aramejskim državama, a njihova teritorija se prostirala od Donjeg Egipta do Južnog Levanta.[54] Od 1200. p. n. e, do 110. p. n. e, u Arabiji su se pojavila moćna kraljevstva kao što su Saba, Lihjan, Minean, Kataban, Hadhramaut, Avsan i Homerite.[55] Prema abrahamskoj tradiciji, Arapi su potomci Abrahama preko njegovog sina Ismaila.[56]

Tokom klasične antike, Nabatejci su uspostavili svoje kraljevstvo sa Petrom kao glavnim gradom 300. godine p. n. e,[57] do 271, Palmirsko Carstvo s glavnim gradom Palmirom, predvođeno kraljicom Zenobijom, obuhvatalo je Sirijsku Palestinu, Arabijsku Petraju i Egipat, kao kao i velike dijelove Anadolije.[58] Arapski Itureanci su naseljavali Liban, Siriju i sjevernu Palestinu (Galileju) tokom helenističkog i rimskog perioda.[59] Osroene i Hatran su bile arapska kraljevstva u Gornjoj Mesopotamiji oko 200. godine.[60] Sasanijci su 164. priznali Arape kao "Arbajistan", što znači "zemlja Arapa",[61] pošto su bili dio Adiabene u gornjoj Mezopotamiji.[62] Arapski Emeseni vladali su 46. p. n. e. Emesom (Homs), Sirija.[63] Tokom kasne antike, Tanuhidi, Salihidi, Lakhmidi, Kinda i Ghassanidi bili su dominantna arapska plemena na Levantu, Mezopotamiji i Arabiji, oni su pretežno prihvatili kršćanstvo.[64]

Narod

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Semitski narod nastanjen je na Srednjem Istoku i sjevernoj Africi, od Maroka na krajnjem zapadu do Omana na istoku, i od Turske na sjeveru do Jemena i Sudana na jugu. Geografski Arapi se prostiru na nekih 10 miliona kvadratnih kilometara i broje najmanje 250.000.000 pripadnika. Oko 4 miliona Arapa živi u Evropi i oko 2 miliona u Americi. Srredište arapske zemlje je Saudijska Arabija i Jemen, područje poznato kao Hidžaz. Oko 610. godine, rođenjem Islama, Hidžaz postaje trgovačko središte duž karavanskih puteva a Mekka postaje jedan od najznačajnijih svjetskih gradova.

Etnički, Arapi su uglavnom tamnokosi i smeđih očiju, puti svijetle, ali i ona varira od mjesta do mjesta. Po vjeri su većinom sunitski muslimani, i tek 10% šijiti (osobito u Iranu, Jemenu, dijelu Iraka i obali Perzijskog zaljeva). Arapi su, uz Židove, jedan od dva naroda kojima je porijeklo dao Sem, Hamov brat. Kroz svoju historiju osnovali su države: Alžir, Bahrein, Egipat, Irak, Jordan, Kuvajt, Libanon, Libija, Maroko, Oman, Katar, Saudijska Arabija, Sudan, Sirija, Tunis, Ujedinjeni Arapski Emirati, Jemen i Palestina. Gledajući sa socijalnog aspekta, Arapi se dijele na stalno-naseljene (ruralni ' fellahin' = seljaci i urbani ' hadar', gradski Arapi) i nomadske Arape, poznajemo ih kao Beduine. Postoji i više jezično semitiziranih (tačnije arabiziranih) naroda koji nisu etnički Arapi, naročito ima arabiziranih Židova u sjevernoj Africi, Jemenu i Iraku. Arabizirani su i neki Kopti (koji su ipak porijeklom Egipćani, hamitski narod čiji su preci osnovali egipatsku kulturu i državu). Među hamitskim Berberima također postoji i dosta arabiziranih grupa, nomada koji naseljavaju pustinjske predjele sjeverne Afrike.

Ime

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Ime Arapi i Arabija javlja se još u asirskim tekstovima kao mâtu arbâi /Arab land/, tačna lokacija ovog područja nije poznata, kasnije se javljaju termini Arabi, Arubu, Urbi. U srodnom hebrejskom jeziku riječ `aravah’ i ‘arav’ označava pustinju, pa bi se moglo prevesti da su Arapi ‘pustinjski narod’. Poluostrvo Arabija prekriveno je nepreglednim pustinjama i pradomovina je ovog ekspanzivnog naroda koji se proširio preko cijele sjeverne Afrike.

Jezik

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Arapski jezik pripada semitskoj grani semitsko-hamitske porodice, pismo je arapsko.

Vjerski običaji

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Arapi su većinom islamske vjeroispovijesti, što u veliko diktira način njihovog života i njihove običaje. Arapi su također u manjini kršćani i druzi, te žive u Libanu i Siriji, gdje zahvaljujući vjerskoj mješanosti postoji daleko veća varijacija u tradiciji i običajima.

Muslimanski Arapi su narod koji živi po pravilima Kur'ana. Kuran je često osnova zakona arapskih država kojima su regulirani neki aspekti njihovog života. Među Arapima preovladava patrijarhalni sistem. Poligamija je u nekim arapskim zemljama dozvoljena. Arapi, kao ni Židovi, ne jedu svinjetinu, i uglavnom se koristi govedina, ovčetina i puretina. U zemljama sjeverne Afrike je poznato nacionalno jelo kus-kus, priprema se sa ovčetinom, ribom i raznim povrćem. Umjesto masti Arapi koriste maslinovo ulje i druge masnoće biljnog porijekla, a kolači se često prave od meda.

Arapi u Evropi

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Arapi u Evropi su razvili umjetno navodnjavanje tla, koje se zbog bezobzirnog krčenja šuma počelo isušivati. Iz Španije ovo se znanje proširilo na sjever, preko Alpa sve do Islanda. Španska riječ 'noria', označava stepen navodnjavanja, i nastala je od arapskog nd'ura. Pamuk, koji danas vodi glavnu riječ u tekstilnoj industriji, su u Evropu donijeli Arapi, iz njihov jezika potekao je francuski izraz 'coton' i engleski 'cotton'.

Arapske zajednice

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Također pogledajte

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Bilješke

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  1. ^ Including 1–2 million native Arabs[8] and 3,763,565 registered Syrian refugees.[9]

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"Economics in Ancient Arabia from Alexander to the Augustans". u Archibald, Zofia H.; Davies, John; Gabrielsen, Vincent; Oliver, G. J. (ured.). Hellenistic Economies. London: Routledge. str. 119–132. ISBN 978-1-134-56592-4. Le Strange, Guy (1890). Palestine under the Moslems, a description of Syria and the Holy Land from A.D. 650 to 1500. Translated from the works of the medieval Arab geographers. Houghton, Mifflin and Co. OCLC 5965873. Rapp, Stephen H. (2014). The Sasanian World through Georgian Eyes: Caucasia and the Iranian Commonwealth in Late Antique Georgian Literature. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1472425522. Saliba, George (1994b), A History of Arabic Astronomy: Planetary Theories During the Golden Age of Islam, New York University Press, ISBN 978-0-8147-8023-7 Schiettecatte, Jérémie (2017). "Himyar". The Encyclopedia of Ancient History (PDF). The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. str. 1–2. doi:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah30219. ISBN 9781405179355. Pristupljeno 8. 11. 2022. Shahîd, Irfan (1995a). Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century. 2 (Part 1). Dumbarton Oaks. ISBN 978-0-88402-284-8. Speake, Graham (1996). "Palmyra (Homs, Syria)". u Berney, Kathryn Ann; Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle (ured.). International Dictionary of Historic Places. 4 (Middle East and Africe). Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. ISBN 978-1-884964-03-9.

  • Touma, Habib Hassan. The Music of the Arabs. Portland, Oregon: Amadeus P, 1996. ISBN 0-931340-88-8.

Van Beek, Gus W. (1997). "Qataban". u Meyers, Eric M.; Dever, William G.; Meyers, Carol L.; Muhly, James D.; Pardee, Dennis; Sauer, James A.; Finney, Paul Corby; Jorgensen, John S. (ured.). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. 4. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. str. 383–384. ISBN 978-0-195-06512-1.

Ankerl, Guy (2000) [2000]. Global communication without universal civilization. INU societal research. 1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. Geneva: INU Press. ISBN 978-2-88155-004-1.

  • Hooker, Richard. "Pre-Islamic Arabic Culture." WSU Web Site. 6 June 1999. Washington State University.
  • Owen, Roger. "State Power and Politics in the Making of the Modern Middle East 3rd Ed" Page 57 ISBN 0-415-29714-1

Levinson, David (1998). Ethnic groups worldwide: a ready reference handbook. Oryx Press. ISBN 978-1-57356-019-1. Raymond, André (1993). Le Caire (jezik: francuski). Fayard. Strawn, Brent A. (2000a). "Shem". u Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C. (ured.). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789053565032.

Dodatna literatura

uredi
  • Price-Jones, David. The Closed Circle: an Interpretation of the Arabs. Pbk. ed., with a new preface by the author. Chicago: I. R. Dee, 2002. xiv, 464 p. ISBN 1-56663-440-7
  • Ankerl, Guy. Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western. INU PRESS, Geneva, 2000. ISBN 2-88155-004-5.

Bitar, Amer (2020). Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783030573973.


 
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