Holozoa

Holozoa
Vremenski raspon:
Rani tonij, prije 1.000 miliona godina → Sadašnjost
Holozoa; Vremenski raspon:; Rani tonij, prije 1.000 miliona godina → Sadašnjost
	Narandžasta spužva „slonovsko uho“ (Agelas clathrodes), u prvom planu; u pozadini - dva korala: Iciligorgia schrammi i Plexaurella nutans
Sistematika
	Ichthyosporea (= Mesomycetozoea); Pluriformea Corallochytrium; Syssomonas; ; Filozoa Filasterea; Choanozoa Choanoflagellata; Metazoa (višećelijske životinje); ; ;

Holozoa je grupa (kladus) organizama koja obuhvata životinje i njihove najbliže jednoćelijske srodnike, a isključuje gljive.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

Holozoa je također i stari naziv roda Distaplia iz grupe Tunikati.^[5] Kako su holozoae kladus koji obuhvata sve organizme srodnije životinjama nego gljivama, neki autoriih prepoznaju kao parafiletsku grupu kao što je Choanozoa, koja se uglavnom sastoji od Holozoa, isključujući životinje.^[6]

Najpoznatije Holozoa, osim životinja, vjerovatno su hoanoflagelati, koji su veoma slični ćelijama Porifera; čak od 19. stoljeća javljale su se i teorije da su povezani sa sunđerima. Moguće je da je dublje je poznavanje pripadnika roda Proterospongia, kao najupotrebljivijeg primjera kolonijalnih hoanoflagelata, moglo pouzanije proniknuti u porijeklo sunđera. Do prepoznavanja bliskosti ostalih jednoćelijskih holozoa je došlo tokom 1990-tih.^[7]

Grupa uglavnom parazitskih vrsta iz oblika zvanih Icthyosporea ili Mesomycetozoea ponekad se grupira zajedno sa drugim vrstama unutar Mesomycetozoa (uočljiva je razliku u sufiksu). Prema strukturi končastih pseudopodija, ameboidni rodovi Ministeria i Capsaspora mogu se spojiti u grupu zvanu Filasterea. Zajedno sa hoanoflagelatima, filasterea su vjerovatno blisko srodni životinjama, a jedna analiza ih je spojila u kladus Filozoa.^[3]

Fosilni zapisi

Stariji fosili holozoa datiraju unazad do tonijskog perioda, prije oko 970 miliona godina.^[8]

Filogenija

Najnoviji kladogram je ukazao na moguće veze i odnose holozoa i ostalih grupa organizama,^[9]^[10]

Ispod je prikazano filogenetsko stablo na bazi multigenske analize iz 2011. Označeno je i prije koliko miliona godina (Mya) je kladus divergirao u nove grane.^[11]^[12]^[13]

Opisthokonta

Holomycota

Cristidiscoidea

	Fonticulida

	Nucleariida

Fungi/

BCG2

	True Fungi

	Aphelida

BCG1

Rozellomyceta/

Rozella

	Namako-37

	Microsporidia

Holozoa

	Syssomonas

	Corallochytrium

Filozoa

Filasterea

Choanozoa

	Choanoflagellatea

	Animalia

950 mya

1100 mya

1300 mya

Alternativna hipoteza je kladus Teretosporea.

Slijedeće filogenetsko stablo prikazuje odnose između različitih skupina Opisthokonta: ^[14]^[15]

Opisthokonta

Holomycota

Cristidiscoidea

	Nucleariida

	Fonticula

Fungi

	Rozellidea

	Microsporidia

	Aphelidea

	Eumycota

Holozoa

Mesomycetozoea

Corallochytrea

Filozoa

Filasterea

	Choanoflagellatea

	Animalia

Također pogledajte

Porifera

Reference

^ Aleshin VV, Konstantinova AV, Mikhailov KV, Nikitin MA, Petrov NB (decembar 2007). "Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?". Biochemistry Mosc. 72 (12): 1313–23. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. PMID 18205615.
^ Lang BF, O'Kelly C, Nerad T, Gray MW, Burger G (oktobar 2002). "The closest unicellular relatives of animals". Curr. Biol. 12 (20): 1773–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9. PMID 12401173.
^ ^a ^b Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo (7. 5. 2008). Aramayo, Rodolfo (ured.). "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLoS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.
^ Elias M, Archibald JM (avgust 2009). "The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus". Gene. 442 (1–2): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011. PMID 19393304. Provjerite vrijednost datuma u parametru: |date= (pomoć)
^ Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo (2005). "Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc". Scientia Marina. 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214.
^ Steenkamp, Emma T.; Wright, Jane; Baldauf, Sandra L. (januar 2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology & Evolution. 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.
^ Ragan, Mark A.; Goggin, C. Louise; Cawthorn, Richard J.; Cerenius, Lage; Jamieson, Angela V.C.; Plourde, Susan M.; Rand, Thomas G.; Söoderhäll, Kenneth; Gutell, Robin R. (15. 10. 1996). "A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence". PNAS. 93 (21): 11907–11912. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11907. PMC 38157. PMID 8876236.
^ Porter, Suzannah M. (2004). "The fossil record of early eukaryotic diversification". Paleontological Society Papers. 10: 35–50.
^ Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (16. 8. 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (33): 13624–13629. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989. Arhivirano s originala, 18. 9. 2019. Pristupljeno 15. 2. 2020.
^ Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (21. 9. 2015). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology (jezik: English). 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255.CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik (link)
^ Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (16. 8. 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (33): 13624–13629. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989.
^ Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (21. 9. 2015). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology (jezik: English). 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255.CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik (link)
^ Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2017). "Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals". Current Biology. 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006. PMID 28648822.
^ Tedersoo, L., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Kõljalg, U. et al. 2018, High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses Fungal Diversity 90: 135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0
^ Guifré Torruella et al. 2015, Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology ISSN 0960-9822 Volume 25, Issue 18, p2404–2410, 21 September 2015

Vanjski linkovi

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Commons ima datoteke na temu: Holozoa

[pmid18205615-1] Aleshin VV, Konstantinova AV, Mikhailov KV, Nikitin MA, Petrov NB (decembar 2007). "Do we need many genes for phylogenetic inference?". Biochemistry Mosc. 72 (12): 1313–23. doi:10.1134/S000629790712005X. PMID 18205615.

[pmid12401173-2] Lang BF, O'Kelly C, Nerad T, Gray MW, Burger G (oktobar 2002). "The closest unicellular relatives of animals". Curr. Biol. 12 (20): 1773–8. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)01187-9. PMID 12401173.

[pmid18461162-3] Shalchian-Tabrizi, Kamran; Minge, Marianne A.; Espelund, Mari; Orr, Russell; Ruden, Torgeir; Jakobsen, Kjetill S.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Aramayo, Rodolfo (7. 5. 2008). Aramayo, Rodolfo (ured.). "Multigene phylogeny of choanozoa and the origin of animals". PLoS ONE. 3 (5): e2098. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002098. PMC 2346548. PMID 18461162.

[pmid19393304-4] Elias M, Archibald JM (avgust 2009). "The RJL family of small GTPases is an ancient eukaryotic invention probably functionally associated with the flagellar apparatus". Gene. 442 (1–2): 63–72. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.04.011. PMID 19393304. Provjerite vrijednost datuma u parametru: |date= (pomoć)

[5] Tatiàn, Marcos; Antacli, Julieta Maria; Sahade, Ricardo (2005). "Ascidians (Tunicata, Ascidiacea): species distribution along the Scotia Arc". Scientia Marina. 69 (suppl. 2): 205–214.

[Steenkamp-6] Steenkamp, Emma T.; Wright, Jane; Baldauf, Sandra L. (januar 2006). "The Protistan Origins of Animals and Fungi". Molecular Biology & Evolution. 23 (1): 93–106. doi:10.1093/molbev/msj011. PMID 16151185.

[7] Ragan, Mark A.; Goggin, C. Louise; Cawthorn, Richard J.; Cerenius, Lage; Jamieson, Angela V.C.; Plourde, Susan M.; Rand, Thomas G.; Söoderhäll, Kenneth; Gutell, Robin R. (15. 10. 1996). "A novel clade of protistan parasites near the animal-fungal divergence". PNAS. 93 (21): 11907–11912. doi:10.1073/pnas.93.21.11907. PMC 38157. PMID 8876236.

[Porter-8] Porter, Suzannah M. (2004). "The fossil record of early eukaryotic diversification". Paleontological Society Papers. 10: 35–50.

[9] Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (16. 8. 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (33): 13624–13629. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989. Arhivirano s originala, 18. 9. 2019. Pristupljeno 15. 2. 2020.

[10] Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (21. 9. 2015). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology (jezik: English). 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255.CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik (link)

[11] Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (16. 8. 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 108 (33): 13624–13629. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989.

[12] Torruella, Guifré; de Mendoza, Alex; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; del Campo, Javier; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (21. 9. 2015). "Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi". Current Biology (jezik: English). 25 (18): 2404–2410. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 26365255.CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik (link)

[13] Hehenberger, Elisabeth; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Kolisko, Martin; Campo, Javier del; Esaulov, Anton S.; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Keeling, Patrick J. (2017). "Novel Predators Reshape Holozoan Phylogeny and Reveal the Presence of a Two-Component Signaling System in the Ancestor of Animals". Current Biology. 27 (13): 2043–2050.e6. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.006. PMID 28648822.

[14] Tedersoo, L., Sánchez-Ramírez, S., Kõljalg, U. et al. 2018, High-level classification of the Fungi and a tool for evolutionary ecological analyses Fungal Diversity 90: 135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13225-018-0401-0

[15] Guifré Torruella et al. 2015, Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi. Current Biology ISSN 0960-9822 Volume 25, Issue 18, p2404–2410, 21 September 2015

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Holozoa Vremenski raspon: Rani tonij, prije 1.000 miliona godina → Sadašnjost
Narandžasta spužva „slonovsko uho“ (Agelas clathrodes), u prvom planu; u pozadini - dva korala: Iciligorgia schrammi i Plexaurella nutans
Sistematika
Ichthyosporea (= Mesomycetozoea) Pluriformea Corallochytrium Syssomonas Filozoa Filasterea Choanozoa Choanoflagellata Metazoa (višećelijske životinje)