Wikipedia

Genocid u Gazi

Optužbe protiv Izraela za genocid nad Palestincima u Gazi

Eksperti, vlade, agencije Ujedinjenih nacija i nevladine organizacije optužile su Izrael da je izvršio genocid nad palestinskim narodom tokom svoje invazije i bombardiranja pojasa Gaze u ratu između Izraela i Hamasa.[20][21] Različiti posmatrači, uključujući Specijalni komitet UN-a za istraživanje izraelske prakse i Francesca Albanese (specijalna izvjestiteljica Ujedinjenih naroda),[22] citirali su izjave visokih izraelskih zvaničnika koje bi mogle ukazivati ​​na "namjeru da se uništi" (u cijelosti ili djelomično) stanovništvo Gaze , neophodan uslov da se ispuni zakonski prag genocida.[20][23][24] Većina bliskoistočnih naučnika sa sjedištem u SAD-u vjeruje da su izraelske akcije u Gazi imale za cilj da je učine nenastanjivom za Palestince, a 75% njih kaže da izraelske akcije u Gazi predstavljaju ili genocid ili "velike ratne zločine slične genocidu".[25][26]

Genocid u Gazi
Palestinci sa vrećama za tijelo, Pojas Gaze, oktobar 2023.
LokacijaPojas Gaze
MetaPalestinci
Vrsta napadaGenocid, kolektivno kažnjavanje, masovna ubistva, etničko čišćenje, prisilno raseljavanje, bombardovanje, ciljana ubistva, izgladnjivanje kao metoda rata, mučenje, silovanje
Mrtvih
  • Najmanje 42.718 ubijenih[a]
  • Procjenjenio 62.000 mrtvih od gladi[5][6][7]
  • Najmanje 5.000 mrtvih zbog nedostatka pristupa njezi za hronične bolesti[5][6][7]
  • Procjena da je više od 10.000 umrlih pod ruševinama[8]
  • Indirektne smrti[b] vjerovatno nekoliko puta veći od onih koji su ubijeni nasiljem[c][11]
RanjenihNajmanje 100.282[1][12]
Žrtve
  • Oštećenje ili uništenje približno 80% kuća i 50% zgrada u Gazi[13][14][d]
  • 20% stanovništva suočava se sa "katastrofalnim nivoom akutne nesigurnosti hrane" koji uključuje "ekstremni nedostatak hrane, gladovanje i iscrpljenost"[17]
  • 1.900.000+ interno raseljenih lica[18][19]
PočiniociIzraelske odbrambene snage
Osumnjičeni počinilac(oci)Izrael

Saučesništvo

U junu 2024. Ured UN-a za ljudska prava osudio je prijavljeno ubistvo 500 zdravstvenih radnika.[27] U augustu 2024. samo je 17 od 36 bolnica u Gazi bilo djelimično funkcionalno;[28] 84% zdravstvenih centara u regiji je uništeno ili su pretrpjela oštećenje.[29] Nametnuta izraelska blokada uveliko je doprinijela gladovanju i prijetnji gladi u Pojasu Gaze, dok su izraelske snage spriječile da humanitarne zalihe dođu do palestinskog stanovništva, blokirajući ili napadajući humanitarne konvoje. Na početku sukoba, Izrael je prekinuo opskrbu vodom i strujom Pojasa Gaze. Izrael je također uništio brojne kulturno značajne zgrade, uključujući 13 biblioteka,[30][31] svih 12 univerziteta u Gazi i 80% njenih škola,[32][33] desetine džamija, tri crkve i dva muzeja.[34][35][36] Do sredine augusta 2024, nakon devet mjeseci napada, izraelska vojna akcija dovela je do preko 40.000 potvrđenih smrtnih slučajeva Palestinaca – 1 od svakih 59 ljudi u Gazi – u prosjeku 148 smrtnih slučajeva dnevno. Većina žrtava su civili,[37][38] od kojih su najmanje 50% žene i djeca,[39][40] i više od 100 novinara.[41][42][43] Smatra se da je još hiljade mrtvih tijela pod ruševinama uništenih zgrada.[38][44]

Vlada Južnoafričke Republike pokrenula je postupak, Južnoafrička Republika protiv Izraela, na Međunarodnom sudu pravde (ICJ), navodeći kršenje Konvencije o genocidu.[45] U početnoj presudi, ICJ je smatrao da Južnoafrička Republika ima pravo da pokrene svoj slučaj protiv Izraela, dok je Palestincima priznato da imaju "uvjerljivo pravo da budu zaštićeni od genocida"[46] koji se suočava sa stvarnim rizikom od nepopravljive štete. Sud je naložio Izraelu da poštuje svoje obaveze prema Konvenciji o genocidu poduzimajući sve mjere koje su u njegovoj moći da spriječi počinjenje djela genocida, da spriječi i kazni poticanje na genocid, te da omogući osnovne humanitarne usluge u Gazi.[47][48][49] Sud je također kasnije naredio Izraelu da poveća humanitarnu pomoć u Gazi i da spriječi genocidna djela tokom ofanzive na Rafah.[50][51] Izraelska vlada je odbacila navode Južnoafričke Republike.[49] Izraelske pristalice kažu da je optuživanje Izraela za genocid antisemitsko,[52][53] ali drugi tvrde da su optužbe za antisemitizam način da se zaštiti Izrael od takvih optužbi.[54][55]

Pozadina

uredi

Arapsko-izraelski rat 1948. doveo je do uspostavljanja Izraela u većini onoga što je bila Mandatna Palestina, s izuzetkom dvije odvojene teritorije koje su postale poznate kao Zapadna obala i Pojas Gaze, koje su držali Jordan i Egipat. Nakon Šestodnevnog rata 1967, Izrael je okupirao palestinske teritorije Zapadne obale i pojasa Gaze.[56] U narednom periodu došlo je do dva narodna ustanka Palestinaca protiv izraelske okupacije; Prva i Druga Intifada, 1987. i 2000.[57] Potonji je okončan jednostranim povlačenjem Izraela iz Gaze 2005.[58][59]

Od 2007. Pojasom Gaze upravlja Hamas, islamistička militantna grupa, dok je Zapadna obala ostala pod kontrolom palestinskih vlasti predvođenih Fatahom. Nakon što je Hamas preuzeo vlast, Izrael je uveo blokadu pojasa Gaze[60][61] što je značajno oštetilo njegovu ekonomiju.[62] Izrael je opravdao blokadu navodeći bezbjednosne brige,[63] ali su međunarodne grupe za ljudska prava nazvale blokadu oblikom kolektivne kazne.[64][65][66] Agencija Ujedinjenih nacija za pomoć palestinskim izbjeglicama na Bliskom istoku je izvijestila da je, zbog blokade, 81% stanovnika Gaze živjelo ispod nivoa siromaštva 2023, sa 63% nesigurno hrane i ovisno o međunarodnoj pomoći.[67][68]

Od 2007. Izrael i Hamas, zajedno sa drugim palestinskim militantnim grupama sa sjedištem u Gazi, sudjeluju u sukobima,[63][61][69] uključujući četiri rata 2008–2009, 2012, 2014 i 2021.[70][71] U ovim sukobima ubijeno je oko 6.400 Palestinaca i 300 Izraelaca.[72][73][67] U periodu 2018–2019. održani su veliki sedmični organizirani protesti u blizini granice Gaze i Izraela, koje je nasilno ugušio Izrael, čiji su snajperisti ubili stotine i ranili hiljade Palestinaca.[74][75] Ubrzo nakon početka izraelsko-palestinske krize 2021., Hamasovo vojno krilo, Brigade Al-Kasam, počelo je planiranje operacije protiv Izraela 7. oktobra 2023.[76][77] Prema diplomatama, Hamas je više puta govorio u mjesecima prije oktobra 2023. da ne želi novu vojnu eskalaciju u Gazi jer bi to pogoršalo humanitarnu krizu koja se dogodila nakon sukoba 2021.[66]

Dana 7. oktobra 2023, Hamas je predvodio napad na Izrael iz Gaze,[78][79][80] što je rezultiralo sa najmanje 1.139[81][82][e] smrtnih slučajeva, većinom civila.[87] Izrael je odgovorio veoma destruktivnom[88] kampanjom bombardovanja praćenom invazijom na pojas Gaze 27. oktobra.[89] Neki naučnici su tvrdili da je postojao genocid nad Palestincima prije napada 7. oktobra, ali je izraelska vojna kampanja u Gazi okarakterizirana kao genocidna od strane Južnoafričke Republike i drugih pristalica argumenta o genocidu.[90][91]

Zvaničnici Hamasa rekli su da je napad bio odgovor na izraelsku okupaciju, blokadu pojasa Gaze, nasilje izraelskih naseljenika nad Palestincima, ograničenja kretanja Palestinaca i zatvaranje hiljada Palestinaca, koje je Hamas pokušao osloboditi zauzimanjem Izraelskih taoca.[92][93][94] Brojni komentatori su identifikovali širi kontekst izraelske okupacije kao uzrok rata.[95][96][97] Associated Press je pisao da su Palestinci "u očaju zbog beskrajne okupacije Zapadne obale i zagušljive blokade Gaze".[98] Nekoliko organizacija za ljudska prava, uključujući Amnesty International,[99] B'Tselem,[100] i Human Rights Watch[101] uporedilo je izraelsku okupaciju sa apartheidom; Izraelske pristalice osporavaju ovu karakterizaciju.[102][103] Savjetodavno mišljenje Međunarodnog suda pravde objavljeno u julu 2024. potvrdilo je da je okupacija nezakonita i da se time krši član 3. Međunarodne konvencije o eliminaciji svih oblika rasne diskriminacije, koja zabranjuje rasnu segregaciju i apartheid.[104]

Bilješke

uredi
  1. ^ Per the Gaza Health Ministry and Government Information Office,[1] which has previously been deemed reliable by prominent and independent organisations.[2][3] In the same period at least 700 Palestinians have been killed in the West Bank.[4]
  2. ^ In addition to direct deaths, armed conflicts result in indirect deaths "attributable to the conflict". Mortality due to indirect deaths could be due to a variety of causes, such as infectious diseases.[9]
  3. ^ Using methods described in The Lancet, Devi Sridhar, the chair of global health at the University of Edinburgh, wrote in a September 2024 editorial that "the total deaths since the conflict began would be estimated at about 335,500 in total".[10]
  4. ^ The destruction includes:[15][16]
    • at least 360,000 homes
    • 392 educational facilities
    • 267 places of worship
    • 17 hospitals are partially functional
    • 83% of groundwater wells are not operational
  5. ^ It is unclear how many of the deaths were a result of friendly fire or of the Hannibal Directive. An Ynet article stated that there was an "immense and complex quantity" of friendly-fire incidents on the part of IDF during the 7 October attack.[83][84][85][86]

Reference

uredi
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  5. ^ a b Hurwitz, Sophie (8 October 2024). "Report: In One Year, More Than 100,000 Deaths in Gaza—Aided by $17.9 Billion From the US". Mother Jones. Arhivirano s originala, 10 October 2024. Pristupljeno 17 October 2024. Brown University's Costs of War Project calculated "the money that's spent on war, and the toll on human lives" after a year of war in Gaza. The numbers are staggering.
  6. ^ a b Stamatopoulou-Robbins, Sophia (7 October 2024). "The Human Toll: Indirect Deaths from War in Gaza and the West Bank, October 7, 2023 Forward" (PDF). Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown University. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 7 October 2024. Pristupljeno 17 October 2024. In addition to killing people directly through traumatic injuries, wars cause "indirect deaths" by destroying, damaging, or causing deterioration of economic, social, psychological and health conditions. Most expansively, this report describes the causal pathways that can be expected to lead to far larger numbers of indirect deaths. These deaths result from diseases and other population-level health effects that stem from war's destruction of public infrastructure and livelihood sources, reduced access to water and sanitation, environmental damage, and other such factors. This report builds on a foundation of previous Costs of War research for its framework and methodology in covering the most significant chains of impact, or causal pathways, to indirect war deaths in Gaza and the West Bank. Unlike in combat, these deaths do not necessarily occur immediately or in the close aftermath of the battles which many observers focus on. While it will take years to assess the full extent of these population-level health effects, they will inevitably lead to far higher numbers of deaths than direct violence.
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  78. ^ "Hamas leader Haniyeh: Battle 'will spread to West Bank, Jerusalem'". Arab News. Associated Press and Reuters. 8 October 2023. Arhivirano s originala, 18 October 2023. The leader of Hamas' military wing, Mohammed Deif, said Saturday's assault was in response to the 16-year blockade of Gaza, Israeli raids inside West Bank cities over the past year, violence at Al-Aqsa and increasing attacks by settlers on Palestinians, and growth of settlements.
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