Bioetika

Bioetika je nauka u tipski protivrječnim etičkim pitanjima koja nastaju iz nove situacije i dovode do mogućeg napretka u biologiji i medicini. Također je uključena u moralna rasuđivanja koja se odnosa na medicinske politike i prakse. Bioetičari se bave etičkim pitanjima koja se javljaju u odnosima između naukâa životu, biotehnologija, medicine, politika, zakona i filozofije . Ona također uključuje proučavanje više uobičajenih vrijednosnih pitanja vrijednosti (etika primarne zdravstvene zaštite) koja nastaju u primarnoj zdravstvenoj zaštiti i drugim grana medicine, kao i u biologiji i biotehničkim naukama.

Etimologija uredi

Termin bioetika (grč. βιός - bios = život + ἠθική - ethos = ponašanje, postupanje) je 1926. skovao Fritz Jahr, koji je "anticipirao mnoge od argumenata i rasprava u sadašnjim strujanjima u biološkim istraživanjima uključujući životinje u članku "Etički imperativ", kako ih je nazvao u smislu naučne upotrebe živ otinja i biljaka.^[1] Godine 1970, američki biohemičar Van Rensselaer Potter također upotrebljava isti termin u širem značenju, uključujući solidarnost prema biosferi, na taj način stvarajući "globalnu etiku", disciplinu koja predstavlja vezu između biologije, ekologije, medicine i osnovnih ljudskih vrijednosti, u cilju postizanja opstanka i ljudska bića i drugih životinjskih vrsTA.^[2]^[3]

Svrha i opseg uredi

Polje bioetike obuhvata širok splet ljudskih upita, u rasponu od debate oko granice života, kao šro su npr. abortus, eutanazija), surogati, raspodjela oskudnih resursa zdravstvene zaštite (npr. donacija organa, racionalizaciju zdravstvo), pravo da se odbije medicinska pomoć iz vjerskih ili kulturnih razloga. Bioetičari često se ne slažu među sobom oko precizne granice svoje discipline, raspravljajući da li na terenu treba da se brine samo sa etičkom evaluacijom svih pitanja koja uključuju biologiju i medicinu, ili samo podskup od ovih pitanja.^[4] Neki bioetičari bi suzili etički evaluacije samo na moral medicinskih tretmana ili tehnoloških inovacija za vremena liječenja ljudi. Drugi bi proširili opseg etičkog vrednovanja uključujući i moralnost i sve radnje koje bi mogle pomoći ili štetiti organizama sposobnim da osjećaju strah.

Obim bioetike može proširiti na biotehnologije, uključujući i kloniranje, gensku terapiju, produženje života, genetičko inženjerstvo čovjeka, astro-etiku i život u svemiru.^[5] and manipulation of basic biology through altered DNA, XNA and proteins.^[6] Ovakav razvoj će utjecati na buduću evoluciju, a može zahtijevati nove principe koji se odnose na život u svojoj srži, kao što je biotička etika da vrednuje sam život u osnovne biološke procese i strukture, i traži njihovu propagaciju.^[7]

Principi uredi

Jedno od prvih usmjerenja modernih bioetiča je ljudsko eksperimentiranje. Nacionalna komisija za zaštitu ljudskih subjekata biomedicinskih i istraživanja ponašanja je prvobitno osnovana 1974. godine za identifikaciju osnovnih etičkih principa koji treba da u osnovi propišu biomedicinskih ponašanja i ponašanja u istraživanjima koja uključuju ljudske subjekte. Međutim, osnovni principi, koji su objavljeni u Belmontskom izvještaju (Belmont Report, 1979) zvanom autonomija, dobročinstvo i pravda – uticali su na razmišljanja bioetičara o širokom spektru pitanja. Drugi su dodali i neškodljivost, ljudsko dostojanstvo i svetost života na ovoj listi kardinalnih vrijednosti.

Još jedan važan princip bioetike je njegov plasman vrijednosti na diskusije i prezentacije. Brojne rasprave na osnovu bioetike, u grupama koje postoje na univerzitetima širom Sjedinjenih Država i Evrope, uključujući i Bosnu i Hercegovinu da promoviraju upravo takve ciljeve. Kao primjer se obično navodi Bioetičko društvo savezne države Ohio.^[8] and the Bioethics Society of Cornell.^[9] Bioetičko društvo Bosne i hercegovne je osnovano poćetkom 2000-tih, a veoma je aktivno, osobitio na redovnim godišnjim konferencijama. Ono okuplja širok krug naučnika i stručnjaka iz oblasti medicine, biologije, genetike i genetičkog inženjerstva, biotehnologije, sociologije, vjerskih i ostalih djelatnosti.

Oblasti uredi

Područja zdravstvenih nauka koje su predmet objavljenih, recenziranih bioetičke analiza uključuju:

Također pogledajte uredi

Reference uredi

^ Rinčić, I., Muzur, A.: Fritz Jahr i rađanje europske bioetike (Fritz Jahr and the Birth of European Bioethics). Zagreb: Pergamena, 2012., page 141 (Croatian)
^ Lolas, Fernando (2008). "Bioethics and animal research: A personal perspective and a note on the contribution of Fritz Jahr". Biological Research (Santiago). 41 (1): 119–123. doi:10.4067/S0716-97602008000100013. Pristupljeno 15. 1. 2010.
^ Goldim, J. R. (2009). Revisiting the beginning of bioethics: The contributions of Fritz Jahr (1927). Perspect Biol Med, Sum, 377-380.
^ Muzur, Amir (2014). "The nature of bioethics revisited: A comment on Tomislav Bracanović". Developing World Bioethics. 14: 109–110. doi:10.1111/dewb.12008. PMID 23279218.
^ "Astroethics". Pristupljeno 21. 12. 2005.
^ Freemont, P. F.; Kitney, R. I. (2012). Synthetic Biology. New Jersey: World Scientific. ISBN 978-1-84816-862-6.
^ Mautner, Michael N. (2009). "Life-centered ethics, and the human future in space" (PDF). Bioethics. 23: 433–440. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00688.x. PMID 19077128.
^ "The Bioethics Society of Ohio State". Thebioethicssociety.org.ohio-state.edu. Arhivirano s originala, 13. 6. 2013. Pristupljeno 17. 9. 2013.
^ "Bioethics Society of Cornell". Cornell University. Arhivirano s originala, 17. 6. 2012.

Dopunska literatura uredi

Opća bioetika uredi

Andre, Judith (2002), Bioethics as Practice, Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-2733-9
Appel, Jacob (9. 8. 2009), "A Supreme Court for Bioethics", Huffington Post
Aulisio, Mark; Arnold, Robert; Younger, Stuart (2003), Ethics Consultation; from theory to practice, Baltimore, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-7165-4
Faden, Ruth (2004), Bioethics: A field in transition, Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics
Caplan, Arthur Smart Mice Not So Smart People Rowman Littlefield 2006
Glad, John (2008), Future Human Evolution: Eugenics in the Twenty-First Century, Hermitage Press, ISBN 1-55779-154-6
Emanuel, Ezekiel; Crouch, Robert; Arras, John; Moreno, Jonathan; Grady, Christine (2003), Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Clinical Research, Baltimore, London: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-8018-7813-6
Crowley, Mary (ed) (2008), From Birth to Death and Bench to Clinic: The Hastings Center Bioethics Briefing Book, Garrison, New York: The Hastings Center, arhivirano s originala, 5. 10. 2016, pristupljeno 28. 9. 2016CS1 održavanje: dodatni tekst: authors list (link)
Beauchamp, Tom; Childress, James (2001), Principles of Biomedical Ethics, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-514332-9
Häyry, Matti; Tuija Takala; Peter Herissone-Kelly; Gardar Árnason (Eds.) (2010). Arguments and Analysis in Bioethics. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-2802-9
Jonsen, Albert; Veatch, Robert; Walters, leRoy (1998), SourceBook in Bioethics, Washington: Georgetown University Press, ISBN 0-87840-685-9
Jonathan, Baron (2006), Against Bioethics, The MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-02596-6 CS1 održavanje: nepreporučeni parametar (link)
Kaldis, Byron (2011). "Bioethics". Sage Encyclopedia of Green Technology. Thousand Oaks: CA, Sage.
McGee, Glenn (2003), Pragmatic Bioethics, Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press, ISBN 0-262-63272-1
Khushf, George (ed) (2004), Handbook of Bioethics: taking stock of the field from a philosophical perspective, Dordrecht, Boston, London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 1-4020-1893-2CS1 održavanje: dodatni tekst: authors list (link)
Luna, Florencia, (2006) Bioethics and Vulnerability: A Latin American View. Edited by Peter Herissone-Kelly. Translated from Spanish by Laura Pakter. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-2073-3
McGee, Glenn (2003), Pragmatic Bioethics (2nd Edition), Cambridge: The MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-63272-0
Korthals, Michiel; Robert J. Bogers (eds.) (2004), Ethics for Life Scientists, Springer, ISBN 978-1-4020-3178-6CS1 održavanje: dodatni tekst: authors list (link)
Kuczewski, Mark G.; Ronald Polansky (eds.) (2002), Bioethics: Ancient Themes in Contemporary Issues, The MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-61177-0CS1 održavanje: dodatni tekst: authors list (link)
Murphy, Timothy (2004), Case Studies in Biomedical Research Ethics, The MIT Press, ISBN 978-0-262-13437-8
Ravitsky, Vardit; Fiester, Autumn; Caplan, Arthur (eds.) (2009), The Penn Center Guide to Bioethics, New York: Springer, ISBN 978-0-8261-1522-5, arhivirano s originala, 20. 7. 2014, pristupljeno 28. 9. 2016CS1 održavanje: dodatni tekst: authors list (link)
Singer, Peter A.; Viens, A.M. (2008), Cambridge Textbook of Bioethics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-69443-8
Sugarman, Jeremy; Sulmasy, Daniel (2001), Methods in Medical Ethics (Confessions of a Medicine Man), Washington: Georgetown University Press, ISBN 0-262-70072-7
Tauber, Alfred I (2005), Patient Autonomy and the Ethics of Responsibility, Cambridge: MIT Press, ISBN 0-262-70112-X
Elahi, Dr.Mansoor (2011), Medical ethics:A practical guide to patient care related ethics, conventions and laws,(downloadable www.medical-ethics.org), Islamabad, Pakistan: medical testing and research organization publishing unit, mtro, ISBN 978-969-8186-02-9 line feed character u |title= na mjestu 78 (pomoć)

Jevrejska bioetika uredi

Bleich, J. David. (1981). Judaism and Healing. New York: Ktav. ISBN 0-87068-891-X
Dorff, Elliot N. (1998). Matters of Life and Death: A Jewish Approach to Modern Medical Ethics. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society. ISBN 0-8276-0647-8
Feldman DM. (1974). Marital relations, birth control, and abortion in Jewish law. New York: Schocken Books.
Freedman B. (1999). Duty and healing: foundations of a Jewish bioethic. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-92179-1
Jakobovits I. (1959). Jewish Medical Ethics. New York: Bloch Publishing.
Mackler, Aaron L. (ed.) (2000). Life & Death Responsibilities in Jewish Biomedical Ethics. New York: JTS. ISBN 0-87334-081-7.
Maibaum M. "A 'progressive' Jewish medical ethics: notes for an agenda" in Journal of Reform Judaism 1986;33(3):27-33.
Rosner, Fred. (1986). Modern medicine and Jewish ethics. New York: Yeshiva University Press. ISBN 0-88125-091-0
Conservative Judaism Vol. 54(3), Spring 2002 (contains a set of six articles on bioethics)
Zohar, Noam J. (1997). Alternatives in Jewish Bioethics. Albany: State University of New York Press. ISBN 0-7914-3273-4

Kršćanska bioetika uredi

Colson, Charles W. (ed.) (2004). Human Dignity in the Biotech Century: A Christian Vision for Public Policy. Downers Grove, Illinois: InterVarsity Press. ISBN 0-8308-2783-8
Demy, Timothy J. and Gary P. Stewart. (1998). Suicide: A Christian Response: Crucial Considerations for Choosing Life. Grand Rapids: Kregel. ISBN 0-8254-2355-4
Pope John Paul II. (1995). Evangelium Vitae: The Gospel of Life. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-8129-2671-4
Kilner, John et al. (1995). Bioethics and the Future of Medicine: A Christian Appraisal. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-4081-7
Kilner, John F., Arlene B. Miller, and Edmund D. Pellegrino (eds.). (1996). Dignity and Dying: A Christian Appraisal. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans Publishing Co.; and Carlisle, United Kingdom: Paternoster Press. ISBN 0-8028-4232-1
Meilaender, Gilbert (2004). Bioethics: A Primer For Christians. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8028-4234-8
Loudovikos, Nikolaos, Protopresbyter (2002). The Individualization of Death and Euthanasia, Holy Synod of the Church of Greece, Committee of Bioethics, Scientific Conference on Euthanasia (Athens, May 17–18, 2002), retrieved on February 27, 2009. (Article in Greek).
Pope Paul VI. (1968). Humanae vitae: Human Life. Vatican City.
Cardinal William Levada. (2008) Instruction 'Dignitas Personae' on certain Bioethical Questions.
Smith, Wesley J. (2004). Consumer's Guide to A Brave New World. San Francisco: Encounter Books. ISBN 1-893554-99-6
Smith, Wesley J. (2000). Culture of Death: The Assault on Medical Ethics in America. San Francisco: Encounter Books. ISBN 1-893554-06-6
Smith, Wesley J. (1997). Forced Exit: The Slippery Slope from Assisted Suicide to Murder. New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-2790-7
Stewart, Gary P. et al. (1998). Basic Questions on Suicide and Euthanasia: Are They Ever Right? BioBasics Series. Grand Rapids: Kregel. ISBN 0-8254-3072-0
Stewart, Gary P. et al. (1998). Basic Questions on End of Life Decisions: How Do We Know What's Right? Grand Rapids: Kregel. ISBN 0-8254-3070-4
Westphal, Euler Renato. O Oitavo dia – na era da seleção artificial (See The Eighth Day (book) Review) . 1. ed. São Bento do Sul: União Cristã, 2004. v. 01. 125 p. ISBN 85-87485-18-0
Archimandrite Adam (Vakhtang Akhaladze)A Human in Bioethical Space and Time. 2010

Islamska bioetika uredi

Hamdy, Sherine. "Our Bodies Belong to God: Organ Transplantation, Islam, and the Struggle for Human Dignity in Egypt" (2012) Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-27176-0
Al Khayat MH. "Health and Islamic behaviour" in: El Gindy AR, editor, Health policy, ethics and human values: Islamic perspective. Kuwait: Islamic Organization of Medical Sciences; 1995. p. 447-50.
Ebrahim, Abul Fadl Mohsin. (1989). Abortion, Birth Control and Surrogate Parenting. An Islamic Perspective. Indianapolis. ISBN 0-89259-081-5
Esposito, John. (ed.) (1995). "Surrogate Motherhood" in The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World (vol. 4). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509615-0
Karic, Enes. "The Ethics of Cloning Arhivirano 15. 7. 2006. na Wayback Machine" in Islamica Magazine Fall/Winter 2004. Issue #11
Islamic Medical and Scientific Ethics (IMSE) Special Collection and Database at Georgetown University

Budistička bioetika uredi

Florida, R. E. (1994) Buddhism and the Four Principles in Principles of Health Care Ethics, ed. R. Gillon and A. Lloyd, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 105-16.
Keown, Damien. (1995) Buddhism & Bioethics. London and New York: Macmillan/St. Martins Press.

Hindu bioetika uredi

Coward, H. G., J. J. Lipner, and K. K. Young. (1989) Hindu Ethics: Purity, Abortion, and Euthanasia. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Crawford, S. C. (2003) Hindu bioethics for the Twenty-first Century. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Crawford, S. C. (1995) Dilemmas of Life and Death, Hindu Ethics in A North American Context 1995. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Firth, S. (2005) End-of-life: a Hindu view. The Lancet. 366(9486): 682-686.
Lakhan, Shaheen. (2008) Hinduism: life and death. Student BMJ. 16(18):310-311.

Istočnoazijska bioetika uredi

Renée C. Fox and Judith P. Swazey. (1984) Medical Morality Is Not Bioethics: Medical Ethics in China and the United States. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 27(3):336-360. PDF
Masahiro Morioka. (2015) Feminism, Disability, and Brain Death: Alternative Voices from Japanese Bioethics. Journal of Philosophy of Life 5(1):19-41. PDF
Ole Döring. (2006) A Confucian Asian Ethos? Essentials of the Culture of East Asian Bioethics. East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 25 (2006):127-149. PDF Arhivirano 20. 10. 2016. na Wayback Machine

Vanjski linkovi uredi

Bioethics entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
The Royal Children's Hospital Children's Bioethics Centre, Melbourne, Australia
The Program for Biomedical Ethics, Yale University
The Hastings Center's Bioethics Forum Blog
The Berman Institute Bioethics Bulletin Blog, Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics Arhivirano 24. 10. 2018. na Wayback Machine
VIDEOS from Bioethics Symposium, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health (2011)
The Bioethics Research Library, Georgetown University
Southern Cross Bioethics Institute, South Australia, Australia
Bioethique.com Arhivirano 2. 8. 2014. na Wayback Machine Bioethics France
"Feminist Bioethics" at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
BioExplorer.Net Bioethics and related web resources

[1] Rinčić, I., Muzur, A.: Fritz Jahr i rađanje europske bioetike (Fritz Jahr and the Birth of European Bioethics). Zagreb: Pergamena, 2012., page 141 (Croatian)

[2] Lolas, Fernando (2008). "Bioethics and animal research: A personal perspective and a note on the contribution of Fritz Jahr". Biological Research (Santiago). 41 (1): 119–123. doi:10.4067/S0716-97602008000100013. Pristupljeno 15. 1. 2010.

[3] Goldim, J. R. (2009). Revisiting the beginning of bioethics: The contributions of Fritz Jahr (1927). Perspect Biol Med, Sum, 377-380.

[4] Muzur, Amir (2014). "The nature of bioethics revisited: A comment on Tomislav Bracanović". Developing World Bioethics. 14: 109–110. doi:10.1111/dewb.12008. PMID 23279218.

[5] "Astroethics". Pristupljeno 21. 12. 2005.

[6] Freemont, P. F.; Kitney, R. I. (2012). Synthetic Biology. New Jersey: World Scientific. ISBN 978-1-84816-862-6.

[Bioethics-7] Mautner, Michael N. (2009). "Life-centered ethics, and the human future in space" (PDF). Bioethics. 23: 433–440. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00688.x. PMID 19077128.

[8] "The Bioethics Society of Ohio State". Thebioethicssociety.org.ohio-state.edu. Arhivirano s originala, 13. 6. 2013. Pristupljeno 17. 9. 2013.

[9] "Bioethics Society of Cornell". Cornell University. Arhivirano s originala, 17. 6. 2012.

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