Filozofija

Filozofija se može definisati kao pokušaj razumjevanja misterija egzistencije i stvarnosti. Također, filozofija pokušava razumjeti prirodu istine i znanja ali i pronaći osnovne ljudske vrijednosti u životu. Odnos između ljudskog društva i prirode je isto bitan dio filozofije koja pokušava iskoristiti ljudsku sklonost ka čuđenju, zanimanju i želji za razumjevanjem, kako bi se došlo do bitnog, kako bi se došlo do istine.

Platon, Kant, Nietzsche, Buda, Konfučije, Ibn-Rušd

Dakle, filozofija je proces analiziranja, kritiziranja, interpretacije i špekuliranja.

Filozofija počinje od riječi philein i sophia, što bukvalno znači ljubav prema znanju ili mudrosti. Ona pokušava spoznati istinu i svijet. Javlja se u VI vijeku p. n. e. u staroj Grčkoj.

To što se javlja imalo je svoje razloge jer je vladalo robovlasničko društvo i demokratija koji su omogućavali dokolicu. Pored toga Grčka je imala povoljan geografski položaj i ekonomski razvoj. Robovi su omogućavali robovlasnicima da se bave umovanjem jer su robovi obavljali sve fizičke poslove.

Periodizacija

• Antička filozofija
• Srednjovjekovna filozofija
• Novovjekovna filozofija
• Savremena filozofija

Filozofske discipline

1. Metafizika i ontologija (opća metafizika)

Pravci:

• Materijalizam, idealizam
• Monizam, dualizam, pluralizam

2. Gnoseologija

Pravci:

• Empirizam
• Senzualizam
• Racionalizam
• Intuicionalizam
• Kriticizam
• Iracionalizam

(i drugi)

3. Etika
4. Estetika
5. Antropologija
6. Logika i metodologija

Metodologija

• Analiza
• Sinteza
• Apstrakcija
• Generalizacija
• Specifikacija
• Definicija
• Divizija (filozofija)
• Dedukcija
• Indukcija
• Analogija
• Eksperiment
• Dekonstrukcija

(i drugo)

• Okamova britva

Također pogledajte

• Paradoks
• Dobro
• Ljubav

Literatura

• Aristotel: Metafizika, Zagreb: Sveučilišna naklada Liber, 1985.

Središnje djelo filozofa koji je tokom 2000 godina snažno uticao na filozofiju i teologiju u Evropi i u islamskom svijetu, a i danas je nezaobilazan. Ovdje je dato u vrlo zahtjevnom prijevodu Tomislava Ladana. Vrlo teško za čitanje. Nije preporučljivo za početnike, za razliku od elegantnih Platonovih dijaloga.

• Diels, Hermann: Predsokratovci. Fragmenti, u dvije knjige, Zagreb: Naprijed, 1983.

Dielsovo dvojezično izdanje (grčko i njemačko) zbirke svih poznatih fragmenata filozofa prije Sokrata, uz skrupuloznu kritičku obradu, osnovni je izvor za svakoga ko proučava početke filozofije. Prvo izdanje izašlo je još 1903., kasnije je sam autor radio na brojnim dopunama i poboljšanjima u sljedećim izdanjima, a nakon njegove smrti je po njegovim idejama pripremljeno izmijenjeno peto izdanje (1934.–1937.).

• Edmonds, David i Eidinow, John: Wittgensteinov žarač. Priča o desetminutnoj svađi dvojice velikih filozofa, Zagreb: Algoritam, 2004. (Wittgenstein's Poker, 2001)

Knjiga koju su pisali dvojica publicista o jednom banalnom incidentu, u kojem su se sukobile oprečne filozofske koncepcije dvojice bečlija Ludwiga Wittgensteina i Karla Poppera, odlična je lektira za početnike u filozofiji, a vrijedna i za one naprednije. Obojica sudionika spadaju među ključne mislioce XX stoljeća.

• Kalin, Boris: Povijest filozofije. S odabranim tekstovima filozofa, Zagreb: Školska knjiga, 2001. (25. izdanje). Ovo je udžbenik za predmet Povijest filozofije u gimnazijama.
• Wittgenstein, Ludwig: Tractatus logico-philosophicus,

Ovaj kratki tekst, pisan u rovovima i u zarobljeništvu u vrijeme i po svršetku Prvog svjetskog rata je, po mnogima, najvažnije filozofsko djelo XX stoljeća. Ovo izdanje (prema izdanju "Veselina Masleše" u Sarajevu 1987.). je dvojezično (njemačko i hrvatsko), sa predgovorom Bertranda Russella za prvo englesko izdanje iz 1922. i opsežnom popratnom studijom Gaje Petrovića (koji je i prevodilac)

• Logički atomizam i filozofija neizrecivog u Tractatusu Ludwiga Wittgensteina.

Dalje čitanje

Opći uvod

• Aristotle (1941). Richard McKeon (ured.). The Basic Works of Aristotle. New York: Random House.
• Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. ISBN 978-0-907845-33-1
• Craig, Edward. Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285421-6
• Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, Mastering Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-333-69343-8
• Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-511552-9
• Sinclair, Alistair J. What is Philosophy? An Introduction, 2008, ISBN 978-1-903765-94-4
• Sober, Elliott. (2001). Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-189869-1
• Solomon, Robert C. Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-534-16708-0
• Warburton, Nigel. Philosophy: The Basics. ISBN 978-0-415-14694-4
• Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-505292-3
• Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1, 2, & 3) by Louis P. Pojman
• Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.
• Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View. ISBN 978-0-345-36809-6

Tematski uvodi

Afrička

• Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. An Introduction to African Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-8476-8841-8

Istočna

• A Source Book in Indian Philosophy by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
• Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285374-5
• Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. ISBN 978-0-19-513335-6
• Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. ISBN 978-0-86316-282-4
• Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. ISBN 978-0-415-22852-7
• Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. ISBN 978-0-268-01569-5

Islamska

• Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi
• Leaman, Oliver (14. 4. 2000). A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-7456-1960-6.
• Corbin, Henry (23. 6. 2014) [1993]. History Of Islamic Philosophy. Prevod: Sherrard, Liadain; Sherrard, Philip. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-19888-6.
• Aminrazavi, Mehdi Amin Razavi; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Nasr, PH.D., Seyyed Hossein (16. 12. 2013). The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-78105-6.

Historijski uvodi

Opće

• Oizerman, Teodor (1988). The Main Trends in Philosophy. A Theoretical Analysis of the History of Philosophy (PDF). translated by H. Campbell Creighton, M.A., Oxon (2nd izd.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. ISBN 978-5-01-000506-1. Arhivirano s originala (DjVu, etc.), 6. 3. 2012. Pristupljeno 20. 1. 2011. First published in Russian as Главные философские направления.
• Higgins, Kathleen M. and Solomon, Robert C. A Short History of Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-510196-6
• Durant, Will, Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers, Pocket, 1991, ISBN 978-0-671-73916-4
• Oizerman, Teodor (1973). Problems of the History of Philosophy. translated from Russian by Robert Daglish (1st izd.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. Arhivirano s originala, 6. 7. 2011. Pristupljeno 20. 1. 2011. First published in Russian as Проблемы историко-философской науки.

Antička

• Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN 978-0-7456-1977-4

Srednjovjekovna

• The Phenomenology Reader by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
• Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (1999). Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
• Husserl, Edmund; Welton, Donn (1999). The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21273-3.

Savremena

• The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill by Edwin Arthur
• European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche by Monroe Beardsley
• Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition) by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
• Curley, Edwin, A Spinoza Reader, Princeton, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1
• Bullock, Alan, R.B. Woodings, and John Cumming, eds. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers, in series, Fontana Original[s]. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992 [1983]. xxv, 867 p. ISBN 978-0-00-636965-3
• Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-415-26763-2
• Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings by James Baillie
• Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Thinking it Through  – An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-513458-2
• Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285359-2

Referentni radovi

• Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01964-2.
• Huang, Siu-chi (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-26449-8.
• The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
• The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by Edward Craig, Luciano Floridi (available online by subscription); or
• The Concise Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy edited by Edward Craig (an abridgement)
• Edwards, Paul, ured. (1967). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan & Free Press.; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
• International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
• Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
• Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
• History of Philosophy (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
• A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) by W.T. Jones
• History of Italian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
• Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
• Indian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
• A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
• History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
• Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
• Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
• Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
• Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
• A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
• History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
• History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
• A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
• Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
• Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
• Mautner, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
• Runes, D., ured. (1942). The Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc. Arhivirano s originala, 24. 4. 2014. Pristupljeno 27. 12. 2005.
• Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). The HarperCollins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.
• Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, ured. (15. 4. 2008). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1.
• Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
• Popkin, R.H. (1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.
• Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: First published in England under the title, "The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought". ISBN 978-0-06-010578-5
• Reese, W.L. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. ISBN 978-0-391-00688-1

Vanjski linkovi

• Filozofija i..., RTS Obrazovno - naučni program - Zvanični kanal
• http://plato.stanford.edu/
• http://www.iep.utm.edu/
• http://www.wadsworth.com/philosophy_d/special_features/timeline/timeline.html Arhivirano 8. 3. 2008. na Wayback Machine
• http://maps.google.com: mapa zapadnih filozofa
• http://philosophyreview.blogspot.com/
• http://ocw.nd.edu/philosophy