PAX8

PAX8
Dostupne strukture
PDB	Pretraga ortologa: PDBe RCSB
Spisak PDB ID kodova
	2K27
Identifikatori
Aliasi	PAX8
Vanjski ID-jevi	OMIM: 167415 MGI: 97492 HomoloGene: 2589 GeneCards: PAX8
Lokacija gena (čovjek)
Hrom.	Hromosom 2 (čovjek)
Kraj	113,278,921 bp
Lokacija gena (miš)
Hrom.	Hromosom 2 (miš)
Kraj	24,365,611 bp
Obrazac RNK ekspresije
	; ; ; ;
	Više referentnih podataka o ekspresiji
Ontologija gena
Molekularna funkcija	• vezivanje sa DNK; • sequence-specific DNA binding; • GO:0001131, GO:0001151, GO:0001130, GO:0001204 DNA-binding transcription factor activity; • GO:0001077, GO:0001212, GO:0001213, GO:0001211, GO:0001205 DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific; • GO:0000980 RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding; • thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor activity; • GO:0001948, GO:0016582 vezivanje za proteine; • RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding; • GO:0001200, GO:0001133, GO:0001201 DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific;
Ćelijska komponenta	• nukleoplazma; • jedro;
Biološki proces	• regulation of apoptotic process; • pronephros development; • regulation of metanephric nephron tubule epithelial cell differentiation; • Ćelijska diferencijacija; • mesonephric tubule development; • positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis; • kidney epithelium development; • GO:0009373 regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; • positive regulation of metanephric DCT cell differentiation; • negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron morphogenesis; • negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric collecting duct development; • Nefrogeneza; • pronephric field specification; • positive regulation of mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis; • anatomical structure morphogenesis; • metanephric epithelium development; • mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis; • transcription by RNA polymerase II; • regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion; • transcription, DNA-templated; • otic vesicle development; • metanephric distal convoluted tubule development; • negative regulation of mesenchymal cell apoptotic process involved in metanephros development; • mesonephros development; • GO:0060469, GO:0009371 positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated; • metanephric nephron tubule formation; • multicellular organism development; • central nervous system development; • metanephric comma-shaped body morphogenesis; • branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis; • thyroid gland development; • positive regulation of thyroid hormone generation; • negative regulation of apoptotic process involved in metanephric nephron tubule development; • S-shaped body morphogenesis; • inner ear morphogenesis; • urogenital system development; • sulfur compound metabolic process; • metanephric S-shaped body morphogenesis; • metanephros development; • cellular response to gonadotropin stimulus; • GO:0003257, GO:0010735, GO:1901228, GO:1900622, GO:1904488 positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; • thyroid-stimulating hormone signaling pathway; • negative regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process; • ventricular septum development;
	Izvori:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolozi
	7849
	18510
	ENSG00000125618
	ENSMUSG00000026976
	Q06710
	Q00288
	NM_003466; NM_013951; NM_013952; NM_013953; NM_013992
	NM_011040
	NP_003457; NP_039246; NP_039247; NP_054698
	NP_035170
	Wikipodaci
Pogledaj/uredi – čovjek	Pogledaj/uredi – miš

Uparena kutija gena 8, poznata i kao PAX8, jest protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom PAX8 sa hromosoma 2.^[5]

Amiokiselininska sekvenca

Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 450 aminokiselina, a molekulska težina 48.218 Da.^[6]

C: Cistein

D: Asparaginska kiselina

E: Glutaminska kiselina

F: Fenilalanin

G: Glicin

H: Histidin

I: Izoleucin

K: Lizin

L: Leucin

M: Metionin

N: Asparagin

P: Prolin

Q: Glutamin

R: Arginin

S: Serin

T: Treonin

V: Valin

W: Triptofan

Y: Tirozin

10	20	30	40	50
MPHNSIRSGH	GGLNQLGGAF	VNGRPLPEVV	RQRIVDLAHQ	GVRPCDISRQ
LRVSHGCVSK	ILGRYYETGS	IRPGVIGGSK	PKVATPKVVE	KIGDYKRQNP
TMFAWEIRDR	LLAEGVCDND	TVPSVSSINR	IIRTKVQQPF	NLPMDSCVAT
KSLSPGHTLI	PSSAVTPPES	PQSDSLGSTY	SINGLLGIAQ	PGSDKRKMDD
SDQDSCRLSI	DSQSSSSGPR	KHLRTDAFSQ	HHLEPLECPF	ERQHYPEAYA
SPSHTKGEQG	LYPLPLLNST	LDDGKATLTP	SNTPLGRNLS	THQTYPVVAD
PHSPFAIKQE	TPEVSSSSST	PSSLSSSAFL	DLQQVGSGVP	PFNAFPHAAS
VYGQFTGQAL	LSGREMVGPT	LPGYPPHIPT	SGQGSYASSA	IAGMVAGSEY
SGNAYGHTPY	SSYSEAWRFP	NSSLLSSPYY	YSSTSRPSAP	PTTATAFDHL

Funkcija

Ovaj gen je član porodice transkripijskih faktora uparene kutije (PAX). Članovi ove porodice gena obično kodiraju proteine koji sadrže upareni kutijski domen, oktapeptid i upareni tip homeodomena. Porodica PAX gena ima važnu ulogu u formiranju tkiva i organa tokom embrionskog razvoja i održavanju normalne funkcije nekih ćelija nakon rođenja. PAX geni daju upute za stvaranje proteina koji se vežu za određena područja DNK.^[7] Ovaj jedarni protein uključen je u folikulne ćelije štitne žlijezde razvoj i ekspresiju gena specifičnih za štitnjaču. PAX8 oslobađa hormone važne za regulaciju rasta, razvoja mozga i metabolizma. Također funkcionira u vrlo ranim fazama organogeneze bubrega, müllerovog sistema i timusa.|^[8] Osim toga, PAX8 se eksprimira u bubrežnom ekskretornom sistemu, epitelnim ćelijama endocerviksa, endometriju, jajnicima, jajovodu, sjemeničkim vezikulama, epididimisu, čelijma otočića pankreasa i limfoidnim ćelijama.^[9] PAX8 i ostali transkripcijski faktori imaju ulogu u vezanju DNK i regulaciji gena u sintezi tiroidnih hormona (Tg, TPO, Slc5a5 i Tshr).

PAX8 (i PAX2) je jedan od važnih regulatora morfogeneze urogenitalnog sistema. Oni imaju ulogu u specifikaciji prvih bubrežnih ćelija embrija i ostaju ključni faktori tokom cijelog razvoja.^[10]

Pokazalo se da PAX8 ima interakcije sa NK2 homeoboks 1.^[11]

Klinički značaj

PAX8 gen je također povezan s kongenitalnom hipotireozom zbog disgeneze štitnjače i svoje uloge u rastu i razvoju štitne žlijezde. Mutacija gena PAX8 mogla bi spriječiti ili poremetiti normalan razvoj. Ove mutacije mogu uticati na različite funkcije proteina, uključujući vezivanje DNK, aktivaciju gena, stabilnost proteina i saradnju sa koaktivatorom p300. Nedostaci PAX gena mogu rezultirati razvojnim defektima koji se nazivaju kongenitalne anomalije bubrega i urinarnog trakta (CAKUT).

Rak

PAX8 mutacije su povezane s različitim oblicima raka.

Mehanizmi

PAX8 se smatra "master regulatornim faktorom transkripcije".^[9] Kao glavni regulator, moguće je da regulira ekspresiju gena koji nisu specifični za štitnjaču. Nekoliko poznatih gena supresora tumora poput TP53 i WT1 identificirano je kao mete transkripcije u ljudskim ćelijama astrocitoma. Preko 90% tumora štitnjače nastaje iz folikulnih ćelija štitnjače.^[9]Fuzijski protein, PAX8-PPAR-γ, uključen je u neke folikulne karcinome štitnjače i folikulne varijante papilskog karcinoma štitnjače.^[12] Mehanizam za ovu transformaciju nije dobro shvaćen, ali postoji nekoliko predloženih mogućnosti.^[13]^[14]^[15]

Inhibicija normalne funkcije PPARy himernim PAX8/PPARy proteinom putem dominantnog negativnog efekta;
Aktivacija normalnih PPARy ciljeva zbog prekomjerne ekspresije himernog proteina koji sadrži sve funkcionalne domene divljeg tipa PPAR y;
Deregulacija funkcije PAX8;
Aktivacija skupa gena koji nisu povezani ni s divljim tipom PPARy ni sa divljim tipom PAX8 puteva

PAX 8 gen ima određenu povezanost s folikularnim tumorima štitnjače. Uočeno je da PAX8/PPAR y-pozitivni tumori rijetko izražavaju RAS mutacije u kombinaciji. Ovo sugerira da se folikulni karcinomi razvijaju na dva različita puta ili sa PAX8/PPAR y ili RAS.

Karakterizirane su alternativne transkripcijske varijante prerade, koje kodiraju različite izoforme.^[5] Mehanizam uključivanja gena je nepoznat. Neke studije sugeriraju da bubrežni PAX geni djeluju kao faktori za preživljavanje i omogućavaju tumorskim ćelijama da se odupru apoptozi. Smanjenje ekspresije PAX gena inhibira rast ćelija i indukuje apoptozu. Ovo bi mogao biti mogući put za terapijske ciljeve kod raka bubrega.

Neke studije sekvenciranja cijelog genoma pokazale su da PAX8 također cilja na BRCA1 (kancerogeneza), MAPK puteve (zloćudni tumori štitne žlijezde) i Ccnb1 i Ccnb2 (procesi ćelijskog ciklusa). Pokazalo se da je PAX8 uključen u proliferaciju i diferencijaciju tumorskih ćelija, transdukciju signala, apoptozu, polarnost i transport ćelija, pokretljivost i adheziju ćelija.^[9]

Pridruženi tipovi kancera

Mutacije o]]vog gena su povezane sa disgenezom štitne žlezde, folikulskim karcinomom štitne žlijezde i atipskim folikulnim adenomom štitne žlijezde.

PAX8/PPARy preuređenje čini 30-40% folikulnih karcinoma konvencionalnog tipa.,^[16] i manje od 5% onkocitnih karcinoma (tzv. neoplazme Hurthleovih ćelija).^[17]

Ekspresija PAX8 je povećana u neoplazijskim bubrežnim tkivima, Wilmsovim tumorima, raku jajnika i Müllerovim karcinomima. Iz tog razloga, imunodetekcija PAX8 se široko koristi za dijagnosticiranje primarnih i metastatskih tumora bubrega. Reaktivacija ekspresije PAX8 (ili Pax2) prijavljena je kod pedijatrijskih Wilmsovih tumora, skoro svih podtipova karcinoma bubrežnih ćelija, nefrogenih adenoma, ćelija karcinoma jajnika, mokraćne bešike, prostate i karcinoma endometrija.^[10] Ekspresija PAX8 je također indukovana tokom razvoja raka grlića materice.^[18]

Tumori koji eksprimiraju PAX8/PPARy obično su prisutni u mladoj dobi, male veličine, prisutni u čvrstom/ugniježđenom obrascu rasta i često uključuju vaskularnu invaziju.

Također pogledajte

Pax geni

Reference

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125618 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026976 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: PAX8 paired box gene 8".
^ "UniProt, Q06710" (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 18. 11. 2021.
^ "PAX8 gene". Genetics Home Reference. 28. 3. 2016. Pristupljeno 5. 4. 2016.
^ Laury AR, Perets R, Piao H, Krane JF, Barletta JA, French C, Chirieac LR, Lis R, Loda M, Hornick JL, Drapkin R, Hirsch MS (juni 2011). "A comprehensive analysis of PAX8 expression in human epithelial tumors". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 35 (6): 816–26. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318216c112. PMID 21552115. S2CID 14297595.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Fernández LP, López-Márquez A, Santisteban P (januar 2015). "Thyroid transcription factors in development, differentiation and disease". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 11 (1): 29–42. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.186. hdl:10261/117036. PMID 25350068. S2CID 39778077.
^ ^a ^b Sharma R, Sanchez-Ferras O, Bouchard M (august 2015). "Pax genes in renal development, disease and regeneration". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. Paramutation & Pax Transcription Factors. 44: 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.016. PMID 26410163.
^ Di Palma T, Nitsch R, Mascia A, Nitsch L, Di Lauro R, Zannini M (januar 2003). "The paired domain-containing factor Pax8 and the homeodomain-containing factor TTF-1 directly interact and synergistically activate transcription". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (5): 3395–402. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205977200. PMID 12441357.
^ Raman P, Koenig RJ (oktobar 2014). "Pax-8-PPAR-γ fusion protein in thyroid carcinoma". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 10 (10): 616–23. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.115. PMC 4290886. PMID 25069464.
^ Rüsch A, Erway LC, Oliver D, Vennström B, Forrest D (decembar 1998). "Thyroid hormone receptor beta-dependent expression of a potassium conductance in inner hair cells at the onset of hearing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (26): 15758–62. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9515758R. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15758. PMC 28117. PMID 9861043.
^ Weiss RE, Xu J, Ning G, Pohlenz J, O'Malley BW, Refetoff S (april 1999). "Mice deficient in the steroid receptor co-activator 1 (SRC-1) are resistant to thyroid hormone". The EMBO Journal. 18 (7): 1900–4. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.7.1900. PMC 1171275. PMID 10202153.
^ Brown NS, Smart A, Sharma V, Brinkmeier ML, Greenlee L, Camper SA, Jensen DR, Eckel RH, Krezel W, Chambon P, Haugen BR (juli 2000). "Thyroid hormone resistance and increased metabolic rate in the RXR-gamma-deficient mouse". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 106 (1): 73–9. doi:10.1172/JCI9422. PMC 314362. PMID 10880050.
^ Nikiforova MN, Lynch RA, Biddinger PW, Alexander EK, Dorn GW, Tallini G, Kroll TG, Nikiforov YE (maj 2003). "RAS point mutations and PAX8-PPAR gamma rearrangement in thyroid tumors: evidence for distinct molecular pathways in thyroid follicular carcinoma". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 88 (5): 2318–26. doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021907. PMID 12727991.
^ Abel ED, Boers ME, Pazos-Moura C, Moura E, Kaulbach H, Zakaria M, Lowell B, Radovick S, Liberman MC, Wondisford F (august 1999). "Divergent roles for thyroid hormone receptor beta isoforms in the endocrine axis and auditory system". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 104 (3): 291–300. doi:10.1172/JCI6397. PMC 408418. PMID 10430610.
^ Ramachandran D, Wang Y, Schürmann P, Hülse F, Mao Q, Jentschke M, Böhmer G, Strauß HG, Hirchenhain C, Schmidmayr M, Müller F, Runnebaum I, Hein A, Koch M, Ruebner M, Beckmann MW, Fasching PA, Luyten A, Dürst M, Hillemanns P, Dörk T (Apr 27, 2021). "Association of genomic variants at PAX8 and PBX2 with cervical cancer risk". International Journal of Cancer. 149 (4): 893–900. doi:10.1002/ijc.33614. PMID 33905146 Provjerite vrijednost parametra |pmid= (pomoć).

Dopunska literatura

Poleev A, Fickenscher H, Mundlos S, Winterpacht A, Zabel B, Fidler A, Gruss P, Plachov D (novembar 1992). "PAX8, a human paired box gene: isolation and expression in developing thyroid, kidney and Wilms' tumors". Development. 116 (3): 611–23. doi:10.1242/dev.116.3.611. PMID 1337742.
Poleev A, Wendler F, Fickenscher H, Zannini MS, Yaginuma K, Abbott C, Plachov D (mart 1995). "Distinct functional properties of three human paired-box-protein, PAX8, isoforms generated by alternative splicing in thyroid, kidney and Wilms' tumors". European Journal of Biochemistry. 228 (3): 899–911. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20338.x. PMID 7737192.
Stapleton P, Weith A, Urbánek P, Kozmik Z, Busslinger M (april 1993). "Chromosomal localization of seven PAX genes and cloning of a novel family member, PAX-9". Nature Genetics. 3 (4): 292–8. doi:10.1038/ng0493-292. PMID 7981748. S2CID 21338655.
Maruyama K, Sugano S (januar 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
Kozmik Z, Kurzbauer R, Dörfler P, Busslinger M (oktobar 1993). "Alternative splicing of Pax-8 gene transcripts is developmentally regulated and generates isoforms with different transactivation properties". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 13 (10): 6024–35. doi:10.1128/mcb.13.10.6024. PMC 364662. PMID 8413205.
Pilz AJ, Povey S, Gruss P, Abbott CM (1993). "Mapping of the human homologs of the murine paired-box-containing genes". Mammalian Genome. 4 (2): 78–82. doi:10.1007/BF00290430. PMID 8431641. S2CID 30845070.
Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB (septembar 1996). "Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery". Genome Research. 6 (9): 791–806. doi:10.1101/gr.6.9.791. PMID 8889548.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (oktobar 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
Fraizer GC, Shimamura R, Zhang X, Saunders GF (decembar 1997). "PAX 8 regulates human WT1 transcription through a novel DNA binding site". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (49): 30678–87. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.49.30678. PMID 9388203.
Macchia PE, Lapi P, Krude H, Pirro MT, Missero C, Chiovato L, Souabni A, Baserga M, Tassi V, Pinchera A, Fenzi G, Grüters A, Busslinger M, Di Lauro R (maj 1998). "PAX8 mutations associated with congenital hypothyroidism caused by thyroid dysgenesis". Nature Genetics. 19 (1): 83–6. doi:10.1038/ng0598-83. PMID 9590296. S2CID 33957230.
Mansouri A, Chowdhury K, Gruss P (maj 1998). "Follicular cells of the thyroid gland require Pax8 gene function". Nature Genetics. 19 (1): 87–90. doi:10.1038/ng0598-87. PMID 9590297. S2CID 205342136.
Tell G, Pellizzari L, Esposito G, Pucillo C, Macchia PE, Di Lauro R, Damante G (juli 1999). "Structural defects of a Pax8 mutant that give rise to congenital hypothyroidism". The Biochemical Journal. 341 (1): 89–93. doi:10.1042/0264-6021:3410089. PMC 1220333. PMID 10377248.
De Leo R, Miccadei S, Zammarchi E, Civitareale D (novembar 2000). "Role for p300 in Pax 8 induction of thyroperoxidase gene expression". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (44): 34100–5. doi:10.1074/jbc.M003043200. PMID 10924503.
Roberts EC, Deed RW, Inoue T, Norton JD, Sharrocks AD (januar 2001). "Id helix-loop-helix proteins antagonize pax transcription factor activity by inhibiting DNA binding". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21 (2): 524–33. doi:10.1128/MCB.21.2.524-533.2001. PMC 86614. PMID 11134340.
Vilain C, Rydlewski C, Duprez L, Heinrichs C, Abramowicz M, Malvaux P, Renneboog B, Parma J, Costagliola S, Vassart G (januar 2001). "Autosomal dominant transmission of congenital thyroid hypoplasia due to loss-of-function mutation of PAX8". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 86 (1): 234–8. doi:10.1210/jc.86.1.234. PMID 11232006.
Congdon T, Nguyen LQ, Nogueira CR, Habiby RL, Medeiros-Neto G, Kopp P (august 2001). "A novel mutation (Q40P) in PAX8 associated with congenital hypothyroidism and thyroid hypoplasia: evidence for phenotypic variability in mother and child". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 86 (8): 3962–7. doi:10.1210/jc.86.8.3962. PMID 11502839.
Miccadei S, De Leo R, Zammarchi E, Natali PG, Civitareale D (april 2002). "The synergistic activity of thyroid transcription factor 1 and Pax 8 relies on the promoter/enhancer interplay". Molecular Endocrinology. 16 (4): 837–46. doi:10.1210/me.16.4.837. PMID 11923479.
Marques AR, Espadinha C, Catarino AL, Moniz S, Pereira T, Sobrinho LG, Leite V (august 2002). "Expression of PAX8-PPAR gamma 1 rearrangements in both follicular thyroid carcinomas and adenomas". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 87 (8): 3947–52. doi:10.1210/jc.87.8.3947. PMID 12161538.
Di Palma T, Nitsch R, Mascia A, Nitsch L, Di Lauro R, Zannini M (januar 2003). "The paired domain-containing factor Pax8 and the homeodomain-containing factor TTF-1 directly interact and synergistically activate transcription". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (5): 3395–402. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205977200. PMID 12441357.

Vanjski linkovi

PAX8 protein, human na US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
"Xenbase Gene: Summary for pax8, species: Xenopus tropicalis". Xenbase. xenbase.org. Arhivirano s originala, 18. 7. 2011. Pristupljeno 17. 7. 2009. A Xenopus laevis and tropicalis resource

Ovaj članak uključuje tekst iz Nacionalne medicinske biblioteke Sjedinjenih Država, koji je u javnom vlasništvu.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000125618 - Ensembl, maj 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026976 - Ensembl, maj 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[entrez-5] "Entrez Gene: PAX8 paired box gene 8".

[UniProt-6] "UniProt, Q06710" (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 18. 11. 2021.

[7] "PAX8 gene". Genetics Home Reference. 28. 3. 2016. Pristupljeno 5. 4. 2016.

[8] Laury AR, Perets R, Piao H, Krane JF, Barletta JA, French C, Chirieac LR, Lis R, Loda M, Hornick JL, Drapkin R, Hirsch MS (juni 2011). "A comprehensive analysis of PAX8 expression in human epithelial tumors". The American Journal of Surgical Pathology. 35 (6): 816–26. doi:10.1097/PAS.0b013e318216c112. PMID 21552115. S2CID 14297595.

[Fernández_2015-9] Fernández LP, López-Márquez A, Santisteban P (januar 2015). "Thyroid transcription factors in development, differentiation and disease". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 11 (1): 29–42. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.186. hdl:10261/117036. PMID 25350068. S2CID 39778077.

[:1-10] Sharma R, Sanchez-Ferras O, Bouchard M (august 2015). "Pax genes in renal development, disease and regeneration". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. Paramutation & Pax Transcription Factors. 44: 97–106. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.016. PMID 26410163.

[pmid12441357-11] Di Palma T, Nitsch R, Mascia A, Nitsch L, Di Lauro R, Zannini M (januar 2003). "The paired domain-containing factor Pax8 and the homeodomain-containing factor TTF-1 directly interact and synergistically activate transcription". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 278 (5): 3395–402. doi:10.1074/jbc.M205977200. PMID 12441357.

[12] Raman P, Koenig RJ (oktobar 2014). "Pax-8-PPAR-γ fusion protein in thyroid carcinoma". Nature Reviews. Endocrinology. 10 (10): 616–23. doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.115. PMC 4290886. PMID 25069464.

[13] Rüsch A, Erway LC, Oliver D, Vennström B, Forrest D (decembar 1998). "Thyroid hormone receptor beta-dependent expression of a potassium conductance in inner hair cells at the onset of hearing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 95 (26): 15758–62. Bibcode:1998PNAS...9515758R. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15758. PMC 28117. PMID 9861043.

[14] Weiss RE, Xu J, Ning G, Pohlenz J, O'Malley BW, Refetoff S (april 1999). "Mice deficient in the steroid receptor co-activator 1 (SRC-1) are resistant to thyroid hormone". The EMBO Journal. 18 (7): 1900–4. doi:10.1093/emboj/18.7.1900. PMC 1171275. PMID 10202153.

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