NR4A2
Jedarni receptor 4A2 (NR4A2) (član 2 grupe A potporodice 4 jedarnih receptora), znan i kao jedarni receptor srodan proteinu 1 (NURR1) jest protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom NR4A2 sa hromosoma 2.[5] NR4A2 je član porodice jedarnih receptora unutarćelijskih transkripcijskih faktora.
Amiokiselininska sekvenca
urediDužina polipeptidnog lanca je 598 aminokiselina, a molekulska težina 66.591 Da.[6].
10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MPCVQAQYGS | SPQGASPASQ | SYSYHSSGEY | SSDFLTPEFV | KFSMDLTNTE | ||||
ITATTSLPSF | STFMDNYSTG | YDVKPPCLYQ | MPLSGQQSSI | KVEDIQMHNY | ||||
QQHSHLPPQS | EEMMPHSGSV | YYKPSSPPTP | TTPGFQVQHS | PMWDDPGSLH | ||||
NFHQNYVATT | HMIEQRKTPV | SRLSLFSFKQ | SPPGTPVSSC | QMRFDGPLHV | ||||
PMNPEPAGSH | HVVDGQTFAV | PNPIRKPASM | GFPGLQIGHA | SQLLDTQVPS | ||||
PPSRGSPSNE | GLCAVCGDNA | ACQHYGVRTC | EGCKGFFKRT | VQKNAKYVCL | ||||
ANKNCPVDKR | RRNRCQYCRF | QKCLAVGMVK | EVVRTDSLKG | RRGRLPSKPK | ||||
SPQEPSPPSP | PVSLISALVR | AHVDSNPAMT | SLDYSRFQAN | PDYQMSGDDT | ||||
QHIQQFYDLL | TGSMEIIRGW | AEKIPGFADL | PKADQDLLFE | SAFLELFVLR | ||||
LAYRSNPVEG | KLIFCNGVVL | HRLQCVRGFG | EWIDSIVEFS | SNLQNMNIDI | ||||
SAFSCIAALA | MVTERHGLKE | PKRVEELQNK | IVNCLKDHVT | FNNGGLNRPN | ||||
YLSKLLGKLP | ELRTLCTQGL | QRIFYLKLED | LVPPPAIIDK | LFLDTLPF |
Struktura
urediJedno istraživanje poučavalo je strukture i otkrilo da NR4A2 ne sadrži šupljinu koja se vezuje za ligand, već deo ispunjen hidrofobnim bočnim lancima. Nepolarni aminokiselinski ostaci koregulatora NR4A2, SMRT i NCoR, vezuju se za ovaj hidrofobni flaster. Analiza tercijarne strukture pokazala je da se vezna površina domena za vezivanje liganda nalazi na žljebovima 11. i 12. alfa-heliksa. Ova studija je takođe otkrila da su bitne strukturne komponente ovog hidrofobnog flastera tri aminokiselinska ostatka, F574, F592, L593; mutacija bilo koje od njih inhibira aktivnost LBD.[7]
Funkcija
urediNR4A2 ima ključnu ulogu u održavanju dopaminskog sistema mozga.[[8] Mutacije ovog gena povezane su s poremećajima povezanim s dopaminergijskom disfunkcijom, uključujući Parkinsonovu bolest i shizofreniju. Pogrešna regulacija ovog gena može biti povezana sa reumatoidnim artritisom. Za ovaj gen, identificirane su četiri varijante transkripta koje kodiraju četiri različite izoforme. Mogu postojati dodatne alternativne varijante prerade, ali njihova priroda pune dužine nije utvrđena.[9]
Smatra se da je ovaj protein kritičan za razvoj dopaminskog fenotipa u srednjem mozgu, jer miševima bez NR4A2 nedostaje ekspresija ovog fenotipa. Ovo dalje potvrđuju studije koje pokazuju da kada se forsira ekspresija NR4A2 u nevinim prekursorskim ćelijama, postoji potpuna ekspresija fenotipa dopaminskog gena.[10]
Iako je NR4A2 ključni protein, postoje i drugi faktori koji su potrebni jer istraživanja pokazuju da samo ekspresija NR4A2 ne može stimulirati fenotipsku ekspresiju ovog gena. Jedan od ovih predloženih faktora je transkripcijski faktor 2 (Foxa2). Studije su otkrile da su ova dva faktora unutar istog regiona razvoja dopamibnskih neurona, oba ova faktora su bila prisutna da bi imali ekspresiju za dopaminski fenotip.
Aplikacije
urediNR4A2 indukuje ekspresiju tirozin-hidroksilaze (TH), što na kraju dovodi do diferencijacije u dopaminergne neurone. Pokazalo se da NR4A2 indukuje diferencijaciju u ćelijma prekursora CNS-a in vitro, ali su im potrebni dodatni faktori za postizanje pune zrelosti i dopaminergijsku diferencijaciju..[11] Stoga, modulacija NR4A2 može biti obećavajuća za stvaranje dopaminergiiskih neurona za istraživanje Parkinsonove bolesti, ali implantacija ovih induciranih ćelija kao terapijskih tretmana ima ograničene rezultate.
Studije nokauta
urediStudije su pokazale da heterozigotni nokaut-miševi za gen NR4A2 pokazuju smanjeno oslobađanje dopamina. U početku je to kompenzirano smanjenjem stope ponovnog uzimanja dopamina; međutim, s vremenom ovo ponovno preuzimanje nije moglo nadoknaditi smanjenu količinu dopamina koji se oslobađa. Zajedno sa gubitkom neuronskih receptora dopamina, ovo može dovesti do pojave simptoma Parkinsonove bolesti.[12]
Interakcije
urediPokazalo se da je NR4A2 u interakciji sa:
Reference
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- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000026826 - Ensembl, maj 2017
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- ^ Yi, Sang-Hoon; He, Xi-Biao; Rhee, Yong-Hee; Park, Chang-Hwan; Takizawa, Takumi; Nakashima, Kinichi; Lee, Sang-Hun (15. 2. 2014). "Foxa2 Acts as a Co-activator Potentiating Expression of the Nurr1-induced DA Phenotype via Epigenetic Regulation". Development. 141 (4): 761–772. doi:10.1242/dev.095802. PMID 24496614. S2CID 16677797.
- ^ Kim JY, Koh HC, Lee JY, Chang MY, Kim YC, Chung HY, Son H, Lee YS, Studer L, McKay R, Lee SH (juni 2003). "Dopaminergic neuronal differentiation from rat embryonic neural precursors by Nurr1 overexpression". Journal of Neurochemistry. 85 (6): 1443–54. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01780.x. PMID 12787064. S2CID 21991471.
- ^ Zhang L, Le W, Xie W, Dani JA (maj 2012). "Age-related changes in dopamine signaling in Nurr1 deficient mice as a model of Parkinson's disease". Neurobiology of Aging. 33 (5): 1001.e7–16. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.03.022. PMC 3155628. PMID 21531044.
- ^ Zhang L, Cen L, Qu S, Wei L, Mo M, Feng J, Sun C, Xiao Y, Luo Q, Li S, Yang X, Xu P (Apr 2016). "Enhancing Beta-Catenin Activity via GSK3beta Inhibition Protects PC12 Cells against Rotenone Toxicity through Nurr1 Induction". PLOS ONE. 11 (4): e0152931. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1152931Z. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152931. PMC 4821554. PMID 27045591.
- ^ Jacobs FM, van Erp S, van der Linden AJ, von Oerthel L, Burbach JP, Smidt MP (februar 2009). "Pitx3 potentiates Nurr1 in dopamine neuron terminal differentiation through release of SMRT-mediated repression". Development. 136 (4): 531–40. doi:10.1242/dev.029769. PMID 19144721.
- ^ a b Perlmann T, Jansson L (april 1995). "A novel pathway for vitamin A signaling mediated by RXR heterodimerization with NGFI-B and NURR1". Genes & Development. 9 (7): 769–82. doi:10.1101/gad.9.7.769. PMID 7705655.
Dopunska literatura
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Vanjski linkovi
uredi- Nurr1 nuclear receptor na US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)