Abasidski halifat

Abasidski halifat (arapski: الخلافة العباسية, el-halifah el-Abbasijjah) bio je treći islamski halifat nastao nakon smrti islamskog poslanika Muhammeda. Dinastija Abasida potekla je od Poslanikovog najmlađeg amidže Abasa ibn Abdulmutaliba (566–653). Vladali su kao halife sa sjedištem u Bagdadu, današnji Irak, nakon što su preuzeli vlast nad muslimanskim carstvom od dinastije Emevija 750. (132. po Hidžri).

Abasidski halifat الخلافة العباسية
750. - 1517.
Prethodnice: ← Emevijski halifat Nasljednice: Osmanlijsko carstvo → Fatimidski halifat → Safaridsko carstvo →
Položaj na karti
Glavni grad		Kufa (750. - 762.) Bagdad (762. - 796.) Raka (796. - 809.) Bagdad (809. - 836.) Samara (836. - 892.) Bagdad (892. - 1261.) Kairo (1261. - 1517.)
Državno uređenje		Halifat
Halifa
• 750. - 754.		Abu al-Abas As-Safah (prvi)
• 1508. - 1517.		Al-Mutavakil III (posljednji)
Zakonodavstvo

Abasidski halifat je naprije proglasio svoju prijestolnicu u gradu Kufa, ali je 762. halifa El-Mensur osnovao grad Bagdad, sjeverno od perzijske prijestolnice Ktesifona. Izbor glavnog grada koji se nalazio tako blizu perzijske teritorije reflektirao je rastući uticaj perzijskih birokrata, naročito porodice Barmakida, koji su upravljali područjima koje su Arapi osvojili, kao i rastućim brojem nearapskih muslimana koji su ulazili u sastav ummeta. Međutim i pored ove saradnje, Abasidi 9. vijeka su bili primorani da predaju vlast nad perzijskim provincijama lokalnim nasljednim emirima, koji su samo nominalno priznavali svoju vjernost halifatu. Ovo je označilo početak općeg raspada vlasti Abasida, uz gubitak Andaluzije i Magriba koje su potpale pod vlast Umejada, Ifrikiju su preuzeli Aglabidi a Egipat šiitska dinastija Fatimida. Politička moć halifa je značajno opala nakon pojave Seldžučkih Turaka.

Iako je vlast abasidskih vođa nad većim dijelom Muslimanskog carstva postepeno smanjena, i prešla više u vjersku funkciju, dinastija je zadržala kontrolu nad svojim mesopotamskim posjedima. Glavni grad Bagdad je vremenom postao središte nauke, kulture, filozofije i istraživanja tokom zlatnog doba islama. Ovaj period kulturnog sazrijevanja završio je 1258. godine osvajanjem Bagdada od strane Mongola pod Hulagu-kanom. Abasidski halifat, ali i muslimanska kultura općenito, se preselila u memlučki glavni grad Kairo 1261. godine. Dinastija Abasida nastavila je da drži svoju vlast u vjerskim pitanjima i nakon osmanlijskog osvajanja Egipta, kada je titula halife i formalno predana osmanlijskom sultanu Selimu I.

Historija

Abasidska revolucija

Glavni članak: Abasidska revolucija

Abasidski halifi su bili arapski potomci Abasa ibn Abdul-Mutaliba, najmlađeg amidže poslanika Muhammeda Abasidi su tvrdili da su pravi nasljednici poslanika Muhammeda zahvaljujući njihovoj bliskoj krvnoj liniji, napadajući Omejadski moralni karakter i administraciju. Prema Iri Lapidusu, "Abasidski revolt su u velikoj mjeri podržali Arapski doseljenici i jemenski Mavali koji su ostali izvan arapskog društva zasnovanog na srodstvu i bili doživljavani kao niža klasa". Muhamed ibn Ali, Abasov praunuk, je započeo kampanju za povratak Hašimita, porodice poslanika Muhammeda, tokom vladavine halife Omara II. Tokom vladavine halife Marvana II, ova opozicija je kulminirala pobunom imama Ibrahima, Abasovog prapraunuka, koji je bio podržan šiitskim arapima iz provincije Horasan (Istočna Perzija). On je ostvario znatan uspjeh, ali je zarobljen i umro u zatvoru 747. godine

Abu Muslim je 9. juna 747. godine (15. ramazana 129. h.g.) uspješno pokrenuo ustanak protiv Omejada boreći se pod crnom zastavom. Sa 10.000 vojnika porazio je Omejade u bitkama kod Nišapura, Gorgana, Nahavanda i Karbale. Njegov brat Muhammed es-Seffah se nakon pobjede nad Omejadama u bici na Zabu 750. godine proglasio halifom, dok je Marvan II pobjegao u Egipat gdje je zajedno sa ostatkom porodice ubijen. Nakon dolaska na prijestolje, Muhammed es-Seffah je poslao vojsku u srednju Aziju gdje su se borili protiv širenja dinastije Tang u bici kod Talasa. Plemenita iranska dinastija Barmakidi, koja je učestvovala u izgradnji Bagdada, je izgradila prvu svjetsku fabriku papira započevši novu eru intelektualnog preporoda Abasidskog halifata.

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