Mitohondrija

Mitohondrija je dvostruko membranski vezana organela koja se nalazi u većini eukariotskih organizma. Mitohondrije stvaraju većinu zaliha ćelijskog adenozin-trifosfata (ATP), koji se kasnije koristi kao izvor hemijske energije, koristeći energiju kisika koji se oslobađa u aerobnom disanju na njenoj unutrašnjoj membrani. Na taj način, mitohondrije imaju ulogu cjeloživotnih ćelijskih energana i jednog od osnovnih tora održavanja homeostaze,^[1]^[2] Prvi ih je otkrio Albert von Kölliker, 1880., u voljnim mišićima insekata. Frazu "ćelijska elektrana" skovao je Philip Siekevitz u istoimenom članku iz 1957.^[2]

Nekim ćelijama u nekim višećelijskim organizmima nedostaju mitohondrije (naprimjer, zrela crvena krvna zrnca sisara). Veliki broj jednoćelijskih organizama, kao što su mikrosporidija, parabazalidi i diplomonadi, smanjili su ili transformisali svoje mitohondrije u druge strukture.^[3] Poznato je da je jedan eukariot, Monocercomonoides, potpuno izgubio svoje mitohondrije, i jedan višećelijski organizam, Henneguya salminicola, poznato je da su zadržali organele povezane s mitohondrijima u vezi s potpunim gubitkom njihovog mitohondrijskog genoma.^[4]^[5]

Mitohondrije su površine obično između 0,75 i 3 μm²,^[6] ali se značajno razlikuju po veličini i strukturi. Osim ako nisu posebno obojene, nisu vidljive. Osim snabdijevanja ćelijskom energijom, mitohondrije su uključene u druge funkcije, kao što su signalizacija, ćelijska diferencijacija i ćelijska smrt, kao i održavanje kontrole [ [ćelijski ciklus|ćelijskog ciklusa]] i ćelijskog rasta.^[2]

Mitohondrijska biogeneza je zauzvrat vremenski usklađena sa ovim ćelijskim procesima.^[7]^[8] Mitohondrije su uključene u nekoliko ljudskih poremećaja i stanja, kao što su mitohondrijske bolesti,^[9] srčana disfunkcija,^[10] otkazivanje srca ^[11] i autizam.^[12]

Također pogledajte

Reference

^ Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson plc/Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-250882-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c Schmidt-Rohr K (2020). "Oxygen Is the High-Energy Molecule Powering Complex Multicellular Life: Fundamental Corrections to Traditional Bioenergetics". ACS Omega. 5 (5): 2221–2233. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b03352. PMC 7016920. PMID 32064383.
^ Henze K, Martin W (novembar 2003). "Evolutionary biology: essence of mitochondria". Nature. 426 (6963): 127–128. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..127H. doi:10.1038/426127a. PMID 14614484. S2CID 862398.
^ "Animal that doesn't need oxygen to survive discovered New Scientist". www.newscientist.com. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2020.
^ Yahalom, Dayana; Atkinson, Stephen D.; Neuhof, Moran; Chang, E. Sally; Philippe, Hervé; Cartwright, Paulyn; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Huchon, Dorothée (19. 2. 2020). "A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (jezik: engleski). 117 (10): 5358–5363. doi:10.1073/pnas.1909907117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7071853. PMID 32094163.
^ Wiemerslage L, Lee D (mart 2016). "Quantification of mitochondrial morphology in neurites of dopaminergic neurons using multiple parameters". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 262: 56–65. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.01.008. PMC 4775301. PMID 26777473.
^ Valero T (2014). "Mitochondrial biogenesis: pharmacological approaches". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 20 (35): 5507–9. doi:10.2174/138161282035140911142118. hdl:10454/13341. PMID 24606795. Mitochondrial biogenesis is therefore defined as the process via which cells increase their individual mitochondrial mass [3]. ... Mitochondrial biogenesis occurs by growth and division of pre-existing organelles and is temporally coordinated with cell cycle events [1].
^ Sanchis-Gomar F, García-Giménez JL, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Pallardó FV (2014). "Mitochondrial biogenesis in health and disease. Molecular and therapeutic approaches". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 20 (35): 5619–33. doi:10.2174/1381612820666140306095106. PMID 24606801. Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is the essential mechanism by which cells control the number of mitochondria
^ Gardner A, Boles RG (2005). "Is a 'Mitochondrial Psychiatry' in the Future? A Review". Curr. Psychiatry Rev. 1 (3): 255–271. doi:10.2174/157340005774575064.
^ Lesnefsky EJ, Moghaddas S, Tandler B, Kerner J, Hoppel CL (juni 2001). "Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac disease: ischemia--reperfusion, aging, and heart failure". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 33 (6): 1065–89. doi:10.1006/jmcc.2001.1378. PMID 11444914.
^ Dorn GW, Vega RB, Kelly DP (oktobar 2015). "Mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in the developing and diseased heart". Genes & Development. 29 (19): 1981–91. doi:10.1101/gad.269894.115. PMC 4604339. PMID 26443844.
^ Griffiths KK, Levy RJ (2017). "Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Links, Genetic-Based Associations, and Non-Energy-Related Mechanisms". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017: 4314025. doi:10.1155/2017/4314025. PMC 5467355. PMID 28630658.

Vanjski linkovi

Logo Commonsa

Mitochondrion na Wikimedia Commonsu.

Lane, Nick (2016). The Vital Question: Energy, Evolution, and the Origins of Complex Life. WW Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393352979.
Mitodb.com – The mitochondrial disease database.
Mitochondria Atlas Arhivirano 29. 6. 2012. na Wayback Machine at University of Mainz
Mitochondria Research Portal at mitochondrial.net
Mitochondria: Architecture dictates function at cytochemistry.net
Mitochondria links at University of Alabama
MIP Mitochondrial Physiology Society
3D structures of proteins from inner mitochondrial membrane at University of Michigan
3D structures of proteins associated with outer mitochondrial membrane at University of Michigan
Mitochondrial Protein Partnership at University of Wisconsin
MitoMiner – A mitochondrial proteomics database^{[mrtav link]} at MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit
Mitochondrion – Cell Centered Database
Mitochondrion Reconstructed by Electron Tomography at San Diego State University
Video Clip of Rat-liver Mitochondrion from Cryo-electron Tomography

Šablon:Samoreplicirajuće organske strukture Šablon:Organizmi

[1] Campbell NA, Williamson B, Heyden RJ (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson plc/Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-250882-7.

[Schmidt-Rohr_20-2] Schmidt-Rohr K (2020). "Oxygen Is the High-Energy Molecule Powering Complex Multicellular Life: Fundamental Corrections to Traditional Bioenergetics". ACS Omega. 5 (5): 2221–2233. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b03352. PMC 7016920. PMID 32064383.

[mitosomes-3] Henze K, Martin W (novembar 2003). "Evolutionary biology: essence of mitochondria". Nature. 426 (6963): 127–128. Bibcode:2003Natur.426..127H. doi:10.1038/426127a. PMID 14614484. S2CID 862398.

[newscientist.com-4] "Animal that doesn't need oxygen to survive discovered New Scientist". www.newscientist.com. Pristupljeno 25. 2. 2020.

[PNAS-5] Yahalom, Dayana; Atkinson, Stephen D.; Neuhof, Moran; Chang, E. Sally; Philippe, Hervé; Cartwright, Paulyn; Bartholomew, Jerri L.; Huchon, Dorothée (19. 2. 2020). "A cnidarian parasite of salmon (Myxozoa: Henneguya) lacks a mitochondrial genome". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (jezik: engleski). 117 (10): 5358–5363. doi:10.1073/pnas.1909907117. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 7071853. PMID 32094163.

[pmid26777473-6] Wiemerslage L, Lee D (mart 2016). "Quantification of mitochondrial morphology in neurites of dopaminergic neurons using multiple parameters". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 262: 56–65. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.01.008. PMC 4775301. PMID 26777473.

[Mitochondrial_biogenesis-7] Valero T (2014). "Mitochondrial biogenesis: pharmacological approaches". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 20 (35): 5507–9. doi:10.2174/138161282035140911142118. hdl:10454/13341. PMID 24606795. Mitochondrial biogenesis is therefore defined as the process via which cells increase their individual mitochondrial mass [3]. ... Mitochondrial biogenesis occurs by growth and division of pre-existing organelles and is temporally coordinated with cell cycle events [1].

[Mitochondrial_biogenesis_in_health_and_disease-8] Sanchis-Gomar F, García-Giménez JL, Gómez-Cabrera MC, Pallardó FV (2014). "Mitochondrial biogenesis in health and disease. Molecular and therapeutic approaches". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 20 (35): 5619–33. doi:10.2174/1381612820666140306095106. PMID 24606801. Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is the essential mechanism by which cells control the number of mitochondria

[9] Gardner A, Boles RG (2005). "Is a 'Mitochondrial Psychiatry' in the Future? A Review". Curr. Psychiatry Rev. 1 (3): 255–271. doi:10.2174/157340005774575064.

[10] Lesnefsky EJ, Moghaddas S, Tandler B, Kerner J, Hoppel CL (juni 2001). "Mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiac disease: ischemia--reperfusion, aging, and heart failure". Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 33 (6): 1065–89. doi:10.1006/jmcc.2001.1378. PMID 11444914.

[pmid26443844-11] Dorn GW, Vega RB, Kelly DP (oktobar 2015). "Mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in the developing and diseased heart". Genes & Development. 29 (19): 1981–91. doi:10.1101/gad.269894.115. PMC 4604339. PMID 26443844.

[Griffiths-12] Griffiths KK, Levy RJ (2017). "Evidence of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Autism: Biochemical Links, Genetic-Based Associations, and Non-Energy-Related Mechanisms". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2017: 4314025. doi:10.1155/2017/4314025. PMC 5467355. PMID 28630658.

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