Sulcozoa (Cavalier-Smith, 2012) i Sarcomastigota (Cavalier-Smith, 1983) su parafiletske grupe, koje uključuju mnoge podiate koje nisu ni životinje, ni gljive.[4]
^Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2013). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 49 (2): 115–178. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001. PMID23085100.
^ abLax, Gordon; Eglit, Yana; Eme, Laura; Bertrand, Erin M.; Roger, Andrew J.; Simpson, Alastair G. B. (14. 11. 2018). "Hemimastigophora is a novel supra-kingdom-level lineage of eukaryotes". Nature (jezik: engleski). 564 (7736): 410–414. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0708-8. ISSN0028-0836. PMID30429611.