Disferlin
Disferlin, poznat i kao distrofija-vezani fer-1-protein je protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran od' gen DYSF.[5]
Disferlin je povezan sa popravkom skeletnih mišića.[6] Defekt u DYSF genu, koji se nalazi na hromosomu 2, pozocija p12-14, izaziva nekoliko tipova mišićne distrofije, uključujući Miyoshi miopatiju (MM), distrofiju udova i pojasa tip 2B (LGMD2B) i distalnu miopatiju (DM). Smanjenje ili odsustvo disferlina, nazvano disferlinopatija, obično postaje očigledno u trećoj ili četvrtoj deceniji života, a karakterizira ga slabost i gubljenje različitih hotimičnih pokreta skeletnih mišića.[7]
Struktura
uredi| Ferlin family | |
|---|---|
| Identifikatori | |
| Simbol | Dysferlin |
| OPM superporodica | 452 |
| OPM protein | 4cah |
Ljudski protein disferlin je transmembranski protein od 237 kilodaltona tipa II.[8][9][10][11][12] Sadrži velik unutarćelijski citoplazmatski domen N-kraja, ekstremni C-krajev transmembranski domen i kratki C-krajev vanćelijski domen. Citosolni domen disferlina sastoji se od sedam visoko konzerviranih C2-domena (C2A-G), koji su konzervirani u nekoliko proteina unutar porodice ferlina, uključujući homolog disferlina – mioferlin.[13][14] U stvari, C2 domen na bilo kojem datom položaju sličniji je C2 domenu na odgovarajućem položaju unutar ostalih članova porodice ferlina nego susjedni C2-domen unutar istog proteina. To sugerira da svaki pojedinačni C2-domen u stvari može imati određenu ulogu u funkciji disferlina. Riješena je kristalna struktura C2A-domena ljudskog disferlina i otkrila da C2A domen mijenja konformaciju u interakciji s kalcijskim ionima, što je u skladu sa sve većim brojem dokaza koji sugeriraju da C2A-domen ima ulogu u vezanju lipida ovisno o kalciju.[15] In addition to the C2 domains, dysferlin also contains "FerA" and "DysF" domains. Mutations in both FerA[16] and DysF[17] Može izazvati mišićne distrofije. DysF domen ima zanimljivu strukturu, jer sadrži jedan DysF domen unutar drugog DysF domena, što je posljedica umnožavanja gena; međutim, funkcija ovog domena do sada nije poznata. FerA domen je očuvan među svim članovima porodice ferlinskih proteina. Postoje dvije mutacije u Ferfer domenu disferlina koje su povezane s mišićnom distrofijom. FerA domen je snop od četiri zavojnice i može komunicirati s membranom, obično ovisno o kalciju.
Funkcija
urediUloga disferlina najintenzivnije se proučava u ćelijskom procesu koji se naziva popravak membrane. Popravak membrane je presudan mehanizam pomoću kojeg ćelije mogu začepiti dramatične rane na plazmatskoj membrani. Smatra se da je mišić posebno sklon ranama na membrani s obzirom na to da mišićne ćelije prenose veliku silu i prolaze kroz cikluse kontrakcije. Disferlin je visoko eksprimiran u mišićima i homologan je porodici ferlinskih proteina, za koje se smatra da reguliraju fuziju membrane u širokom spektru vrsta i ćelijskih tipova.[18] Nekoliko linija dokaza sugerira da bi disferlin mogao biti uključen u popravak membrane u mišićima. Prvo, mišićna vlakna sa nedostatkom disferlina pokazuju nakupljanje vezikula (koje su kritične za popravak membrane kod tipova mišićnih ćelija) u blizini membranskih lezija, što ukazuje da bi disferlin mogao biti potreban za fuziju popravnih vezikula s plazmatskom membranom. Nadalje, mišićna vlakna s nedostatkom disferlina u većoj mjeri uzimaju vanćelijske boje od mišićnih vlakana divljeg tipa, nakon ranjavanja izazvanog laserom in vitro.[19] Disferlin je također na lezijama membrane značajno obogaćen sa nekoliko dodatnih proteina, za koje se smatra da su uključeni u ponovno zaptivanje membrane, uključujući aneksin i MG53.[20] U stvari, kako disferlin doprinosi ponovnom zaptivanju membrane nije jasno, ali biohemijski dokazi ukazuju na to da može vezati lipide na način koji zavisi od kalcija, u skladu s ulogom disferlina u regulaciji fuzije popravnih vezikula sa sarkolemom, tokom popravljanja membrane.[21] Pored toga, snimanje miotubula koje eksferiraju disferlin-eGFP na živim ćelijama ukazuje da se disferlin lokalizira u ćelijskom odjeljku koji reagira na ozljedu, stvaranjem velikih vezikula koje sadrže disferlin, a stvaranje tih vezikula može doprinijeti saniranju rane.[22] Dysferlin may also be involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.[23]
Interakcije
urediPokazano je da disferlin ima interakcije sa kaveolinom 3 u skeletnim mišićima,[24] a smatra se da ova interakcija zadržava disferlin u plazmatskoj membrani.[25] Dysferlin also interacts with MG53, and a functional interaction between dysferlin, caveolin-3 and MG53 is thought to be critical for membrane repair in skeletal muscle.[26]
Također pogledajte
urediReferenc
uredi- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000135636 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000033788 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ Passos-Bueno MR, Richard I, Vainzof M, Fougerousse F, Weissenbach J, Broux O, Cohen D, Akiyama J, Marie SK, Carvalho AA (maj 1993). "Evidence of genetic heterogeneity in the autosomal recessive adult forms of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy following linkage analysis with 15q probes in Brazilian families". Journal of Medical Genetics. 30 (5): 385–7. doi:10.1136/jmg.30.5.385. PMC 1016373. PMID 8320700.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: DYSF dysferlin, limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B (autosomal recessive)".
- ^ Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics - Dysferlin Retrieved 21 June 2007.
- ^ Kawahara, Genri; Serafini, Peter R.; Myers, Jennifer A.; Alexander, Matthew S.; Kunkel, Louis M. (23. 9. 2011). "Characterization of zebrafish dysferlin by morpholino knockdown". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 413 (2): 358–363. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.105. ISSN 1090-2104. PMC 4526276. PMID 21893049.
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- ^ Harsini, Faraz M.; Chebrolu, Sukanya; Fuson, Kerry L.; White, Mark A.; Rice, Anne M.; Sutton, R. Bryan (19. 7. 2018). "FerA is a Membrane-Associating Four-Helix Bundle Domain in the Ferlin Family of Membrane-Fusion Proteins". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 10949. Bibcode:2018NatSR...810949H. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29184-1. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6053371. PMID 30026467.
- ^ Sula, Altin; Cole, Ambrose R.; Yeats, Corin; Orengo, Christine; Keep, Nicholas H. (17. 1. 2014). "Crystal structures of the human Dysferlin inner DysF domain". BMC Structural Biology. 14: 3. doi:10.1186/1472-6807-14-3. ISSN 1472-6807. PMC 3898210. PMID 24438169.
- ^ Bashir R, Britton S, Strachan T, Keers S, Vafiadaki E, Lako M, Richard I, Marchand S, Bourg N, Argov Z, Sadeh M, Mahjneh I, Marconi G, Passos-Bueno MR, Moreira Ede S, Zatz M, Beckmann JS, Bushby K (1998). "A gene related to Caenorhabditis elegans spermatogenesis factor fer-1 is mutated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B". Nat. Genet. 20 (1): 37–42. doi:10.1038/1689. PMID 9731527.
- ^ Bansal D, Miyake K, Vogel SS, Groh S, Chen CC, Williamson R, McNeil PL, Campbell KP (2003). "Defective membrane repair in dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy". Nature. 423 (6936): 168–72. Bibcode:2003Natur.423..168B. doi:10.1038/nature01573. PMID 12736685.
- ^ Roostalu U, Strähle U (2012). "In vivo imaging of molecular interactions at damaged sarcolemma". Dev. Cell. 22 (3): 515–29. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.12.008. PMID 22421042.
- ^ Abdullah N, Padmanarayana M, Marty NJ, Johnson CP (2014). "Quantitation of the calcium and membrane binding properties of the C2 domains of dysferlin". Biophys. J. 106 (2): 382–9. Bibcode:2014BpJ...106..382A. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4492. PMC 3907215. PMID 24461013.
- ^ McDade JR, Michele DE (2014). "Membrane damage-induced vesicle-vesicle fusion of dysferlin-containing vesicles in muscle cells requires microtubules and kinesin". Hum. Mol. Genet. 23 (7): 1677–86. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt557. PMC 3943514. PMID 24203699.
- ^ Chen JA, Wang Q, Davis-Turak J, et al. (april 2015). "A multiancestral genome-wide exome array study of Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy". JAMA Neurology. 72 (4): 414–22. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.4040. PMC 4397175. PMID 25706306.
- ^ Matsuda C, Hayashi YK, Ogawa M, Aoki M, Murayama K, Nishino I, Nonaka I, Arahata K, Brown RH (august 2001). "The sarcolemmal proteins dysferlin and caveolin-3 interact in skeletal muscle". Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (17): 1761–6. doi:10.1093/hmg/10.17.1761. PMID 11532985.
- ^ Hernández-Deviez DJ, Howes MT, Laval SH, Bushby K, Hancock JF, Parton RG (2008). "Caveolin regulates endocytosis of the muscle repair protein, dysferlin" (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 283 (10): 6476–88. doi:10.1074/jbc.M708776200. PMID 18096699.
- ^ Cai C, Weisleder N, Ko JK, Komazaki S, Sunada Y, Nishi M, Takeshima H, Ma J (2009). "Membrane repair defects in muscular dystrophy are linked to altered interaction between MG53, caveolin-3, and dysferlin". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (23): 15894–902. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.009589. PMC 2708885. PMID 19380584.
Dopunska literatura
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Vanjski linkovi
uredi- GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Dysferlinopathy including Miyoshi Distal Myopathy (Miyoshi Myopathy), Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Type 2B (LGMD2B)
- LOVD mutation database: DYSF