Fašizam
Fašizam je veoma širok pojam, a po stručnjacima društvenih nauka definiše se kao treći stadij nacionalizma (nakon nacionalizma i šovinizma) i smatra se radikalnom totalitarističkom ideologijom. Dobio je ime od italijanske riječi fascio što znači savez, odakle i vuče korijene. To je sistem vladanja obilježen centralizacijom autoriteta kojeg personalizira diktator, strogom socio-ekonomskom kontrolom. Ova vrsta vladavine se služi potiskivanjem, sprječavanjem i gušenjem opozicije terorom i cenzorstvom, i tipičnom politikom ratobornog šovinizma i rasizma. Postojao je, ali i postoji u mnogim državama svijeta i dan danas.
Fašizam je oblik krajnje desnice, autoritarni ultranacionalizam [1] odlikuje diktatorske vlasti, prisilno suzbijanje opozicije, i jak ustrojiti društva i ekonomije, koji je stupio do izražaja u Evropi ranog 20. vijeka. Prvi fašistički pokreti nastali su u Italiji tokom Prvog svjetskog rata, prije nego što su se proširili na druge evropske zemlje.[2] Za razliku od anarhizma, demokratije, liberalizma i marksizma, fašizam je postavljen na krajnje desničare unutar tradicionalnog lijevo-desnog spektra.[2]
Fašisti su Prvi svjetski rat vidjeli kao revoluciju koja je donijela velike promjene u prirodi rata, društvu, državi i tehnologiji. Dolazak totalnog rata i totalna masovna mobilizacija društva srušili su razliku između civila i boraca. Nastalo je vojno državljanstvo u kojem su svi građani na neki način bili uključeni u vojsku tokom rata.[3] Rat je doveo do uspona moćne države sposobne da mobiliše milione ljudi da služe na linijama fronta i da obezbijedi ekonomsku proizvodnju i logistiku za njihovu podršku, kao i da ima neviđen autoritet da interveniše u živote građana.[3]
Fašisti smatraju da je liberalna demokratija zastarjela i smatraju da je potpuna mobilizacija društva u totalitarnoj jednopartijskoj državi neophodna da bi se nacija pripremila za oružani sukob i efikasno odgovorila na ekonomske poteškoće.[4] Fašističku državu predvode jak vođa (kao što je diktator) i vlada vanrednog stanja sastavljena od članova vladajuće fašističke partije kako bi se stvorilo nacionalno jedinstvo i održalo stabilno i uređeno društvo.[4] Fašizam odbacuje tvrdnje da je nasilje automatski negativne prirode i gleda na imperijalizam, političko nasilje i rat kao na sredstva koja mogu postići nacionalno podmlađivanje.[5] Fašisti zagovaraju mješovitu ekonomiju, s glavnim ciljem postizanja autarkije (nacionalne ekonomske samodovoljnosti) kroz protekcionističku i ekonomsku intervencionističku politiku.[6] Ekstremni autoritarizam i nacionalizam fašizma često manifestira vjeru u rasnu čistoću ili rasu gospodara, obično sintetiziranu s nekom varijantom rasizma ili netrpeljivosti prema demoniziranom „Drugom“; ideja rasne čistoće motivisala je fašističke režime da počine masakre, prisilne sterilizacije, genocide, masovna ubistva ili prisilne deportacije protiv "drugog".[7]
Od kraja Drugog svjetskog rata 1945., nekoliko stranaka se otvoreno opisalo kao fašističke, a umjesto toga, politički protivnici taj izraz sada obično pežorativno koriste. Opisi neofašističkih ili postfašističkih ponekad se formalnije primjenjuju kako bi se opisali suvremene stranke krajnje desnice s ideologijama sličnim fašističkim pokretima 20. stoljeća ili ukorijenjene u njima.[2] [8]
Ultranacionalizam, u kombinaciji sa mitom o nacionalnom preporodu, ključna je osnova fašizma. [9] Robert Paxton tvrdi da je "strastveni nacionalizam" osnova fašizma, u kombinaciji sa "konspirativnim i manihejskim pogledom na historiju" koji smatra da je "izabrani narod oslabljen političkim strankama, društvenim klasama, neasimilibilnim manjinama, razmaženim rentijerima i racionalističkim misliocima." [10] Roger Griffin identificira srž fašizma kao palingenetski ultranacionalizam.[11]
Fašistički pogled na naciju jeste da je to jedan organski entitet koji povezuje ljude svojim porijeklom i predstavlja prirodnu ujedinjujuću snagu ljudi. [12] Fašizam nastoji riješiti ekonomske, političke i socijalne probleme postizanjem milenarističkog nacionalnog preporoda, veličanju nacije ili rase iznad svega i promociji kultova jedinstva, snage i čistoće. [13][potrebna stranica] [14][potrebna stranica] [15][potrebna stranica] [16] [17] Evropski fašistički pokreti tipično zastupaju rasističku koncepciju neevropljana kao inferiornih u odnosu na Evropljane.[18] Osim toga, fašisti u Evropi nisu imali jedinstven skup rasnih stavova.[18] Historijski gledano, većina fašista je promovirala imperijalizam, iako je postojalo nekoliko fašističkih pokreta koji nisu bili zainteresovani za nove imperijalne ambicije.[18] Na primjer, nacizam i talijanski fašizam su bili ekspanzionistički i iredentistički. Falangizam u Španiji je predviđao ujedinjenje naroda koji govore španski ( Hispanidad ) širom svijeta. Britanski fašizam je bio neintervencionistički, iako je prihvatio Britansko carstvo.
Zemlja porijekla fašističke ideologije i pobornici
- Italija - Fašisti
- Njemačka - Nacisti
- Japan - Imperijalisti
- Španija - Falangisti ili Frankovci
- Norveška - Kvislinzi
- Albanija- Albanska fašistička stranka
- Hrvatska - Ustaše
- Srbija - Četnici, Ljotićevci, Nedićevci
- Bosna i Hercegovina - Četnici, Ustaše
- Belgija - Reksisti
- Austrija - Austrofašisti
- Grčka - Metaksasisti
- Brazil - Integralisti
- Turska - Sivi vukovi
-
Članice Piccole Italiane, organizacije za djevojčice u okviru Nacionalne fašističke partije u Italiji
-
Članice Lige njemačkih djevojaka, organizacije za djevojčice u okviru Nacističke partije u Njemačkoj
-
Nacisti u Minhenu tokom puča u pivnici
-
Integralisti marširaju u Brazilu
-
Mršavi zatvorenik u italijanskom koncentracionom logoru Rab
-
Leševi žrtava njemačkog koncentracionog logora Buchenwald
-
Huan Perón, predsjednik Argentine od 1946. do 1955. i 1973. do 1974., divio se italijanskom fašizmu i modelirao je svoju ekonomsku politiku na osnovu onih koje je vodila fašistička Italija.
-
Demonstracije Zlatne zore u Grčkoj 2012
Reference
Bilješke
- ^ Turner (1975), str. 162: "... goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism."; Larsen, Hagtvet i Myklebust (1984), str. 424: "... organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism."; Paxton (2004), str. 32, 45, 173; Nolte (1965), str. 300
- ^ a b c Davies i Lynch (2002)
- ^ a b Blamires (2006), str. 140–141, 670; Mann (2004), str. 65.
- ^ a b Horne (2002).
- ^ Grčić (2000), str. 120; Griffin i Feldman (2004c), str. 185; Spielvogel (2012), str. 935; Payne (1995), str. 106.
- ^ Blamires (2006).
- ^ Kallis (2011); Paxton (1998); Lancaster (2011).
- ^ Enciclopedia Italiana Neofascismo.
- ^ Blamires (2006b), str. 451–453, "Nationalism".
- ^ Paxton (2004), str. 41.
- ^ Griffin (1991), str. 26.
- ^ Zimmer (2003).
- ^ Paxton (2004).
- ^ Passmore (2002).
- ^ Griffin (1991).
- ^ Laqueur (1997).
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica Fascism.
- ^ a b c Payne (1995).
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- Woolf, Stuart Joseph (1983). Fascism in Europe (3rd izd.). Taylor & Francis.
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- Zimmer, Oliver (2003). Nationalism in Europe, 1890–1940. London: Palgrave.
Tercijarni izvori
- "Fascism". Encyclopedia Britannica. 8. 1. 2008.
- "Italy: The Fascist Era". Encyclopedia Britannica. Arhivirano s originala, 7. 10. 2017. Pristupljeno 5. 8. 2021.
- "Volksgemeinschaft". Encyclopedia Britannica. 2019. Arhivirano s originala, 31. 3. 2019.
- "Neofascismo". Treccani (jezik: italijanski). Enciclopedia Italiana. 31. 10. 2014. Arhivirano s originala, 6. 11. 2014. Pristupljeno 31. 10. 2014.
Dalje čitanje
- Albright, Madeleine (2018). Fascism: A Warning. New York: HarperCollins.
- Alcalde, Ángel. "The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research". Contemporary European History. 29 (2): 1–10. doi:10.1017/S0960777320000089.
- Esposito, Fernando (august 2017). "Fascism – Concepts and Theories, version 1". Docupedia Zeitgeschichte. 31.
- Illing, Sean (19. 9. 2018). "How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump". Vox.
- McGaughey, Ewan (2018). "Fascism-lite in America (or the social ideal of Donald Trump)". British Journal of American Legal Studies. 72 (2): 291–315.
- Riley, Dylan (2010). The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain and Romania 1870–1945. Johns Hopkins University Press.
- Wiskemann, Elizabeth (decembar 1967). "The Origins of Fascism". History Today. Vol. 17 no. 12. str. 812–818.
Vanjski linkovi
- The Doctrine of Fascism autor Benito Mussolini (1932) (in English)
- Authorized translation of Mussolini's "The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism" (1933) (PDF). media.wix.com.
- Readings on Fascism and National Socialism by Various – Project Gutenberg
- "Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt" – Umberto Ecov spisak 14 karakteristika fašizma, originalno publikovan 1995.
Nedovršeni članak Fašizam koji govori o politici treba dopuniti. Dopunite ga prema pravilima Wikipedije.