Egzodus Srba iz Sarajeva

Egzodus Srba iz Sarajeva jest termin koji se odnosi na migraciju Srba iz Sarajeva, glavnog grada Bosne i Hercegovine, između januara i marta 1996, nakon Dejtonskog sporazuma kojim je zaključen rat u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Podaci prijeratnog i poslijeratnog popisa stanovništva.

Pozadina

Egzodus sarajevskih Srba bio je jedan od mnogih egzodusa Srba tokom rata.^[1] Neposredno pred ovaj egzodus dogodio se još jedan egzodus 17.000 Srba iz Odžaka.^[2] Prethodio im je masovni egzodus više od 250.000 Srba iz Hrvatske tokom operacije Oluja koja je stvorila presedane egzodusu sarajevskih Srba.^[3] Izvješteno je 1. januara 1996. da "glasine i slijepa panika pokreću masovni bijeg iz osporenog predgrađa grada". ^[4]

Egzodus

Podijeljena sarajevska naselja po Dejtonskom sporazumu.

Uništene stambene jedinice u naselju Dobrinja, Sarajevo 1996.

Dejtonskim sporazumom završeno je određivanje administrativnih granica između Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine (FBiH) i Republike Srpske (RS), dva poslijeratna entiteta države. Ilijaš, Vogošća, Hadžići, Ilidža, Rajlovac i Grbavica bili su uključeni u FBiH, dok su ostali periferni dijelovi bivše sarajevske općine postali dio RS (Istočno Sarajevo). Srpska zajednica masovno je krenula iz Sarajeva (FBiH) u Istočno Sarajevo (RS). Njihov je broj prvi put zabilježen 1996. i iznosio je oko 62.000,^[5] ali procjenjuje se da je ukupan broj iznosio oko 150.000.^[3]

Australijski profesor Dino Murtić naglasio je da je egzodus sarajevskih Srba bio masivan i planiran, te da je predsjednik Alija Izetbegović u početku pokazao ravnodušnost prema njima, navodeći da su stanovnici Sarajeva "napokon zaslužili da se oslobode svojih ubica".^[6] Nakon nekog vremena, Izetbegović je pozvao Srbe da ostanu u Sarajevu.^[7]

Neki Srbi su čak ekshumirali grobove svojih predaka sa sarajevskih groblja na groblja u blizini njihovog novog smještaja.^[8]

Odgovornost

Neki autori su vjerovali da su sve uključene strane u Bosni i Hercegovini odgovorne za masovni egzodus sarajevskih Srba, uključujući i zvaničnike Republike Srpske.^[9] Također, bilo im je teško utvrditi da li je ovaj egzodus dobrovoljan ili prisilan.^[10] Oni objašnjavaju da je protjerivanje Srba iz Hrvatske tokom operacije "Oluja" bio presjedan za egzodus oko 150.000 prestrašenih sarajevskih Srba koji nisu osjećali da će bosanskohercegovačka vlada, koju su većinom činili Bošnjaci, ili svijet garantirati njihovu sigurnost.^[3]

Medijska pokrivenost

Zapadni promatrači tvrdili su da su Srbi tokom egzodusa iz Sarajeva koristili masovne ekshumacije kako bi izborili moralnu pobjedu.^[11] Peter Brock je tvrdio da su čak i nakon egzodusa 1996. zapadni mediji idalje odbijali priznati bijeg desetina hiljada sarajevskih Srba koji se dogodio na početku rata 1992.^[12] Čak i prije nego što je počeo egzodus sarajevskih Srba, još jedan egzodus od 17.000 Srba iz Odžaka u javnosti je prošao nezapaženo.^[2]

Na kraju, egzodus sarajevskih Srba natjerao je strane novinare, uključujući Toma Gjeltena, da preispitaju svoju početnu prosudbu o Sarajevu kao skladnom.^[13]

Reference

^ FBIS 1996: "The exodus of Sarajevo's Serbs is just one of many Serb exoduses during this war, but it is fatal for them. The Sarajevo Serbs are the most urban, educated, and largest ..."
^ ^a ^b FBIS 1996: "Before the exodus of the Sarajevo Serbs, the exodus of almost 17,000 Serbs from Odzak and Vukosavlje passed unnoticed in the public."
^ ^a ^b ^c Chakravartty 1999: "The ethnic cleansing of the Krajina Serbs, quietly applauded by the governments of the United States and Germany, set precedents for the exodus of frightened Serbs from Sarajevo — once the beacon of Slavic and Islamic coexistence — after the Dayton accord signed December 14, 1995, in Paris. Neither the Muslim-led Bosnian Government nor the outside world, was able to offer the suburban Sarajevo Serbs — numbering approximately 150,000— convincing guarantees of safety."
^ Independent 1996.
^ McEvoy i O'Leary 2013:"On the other hand, Dayton's ethnic circumscription of space after the war had detrimental effects on Sarajevo, catalyzing a mass exodus in early 1996 of some sixty-two thousand Sarajevo Serbs from inside what would be the Dayton borders of Sarajevo city and its suburbs and creating today's more monoethnic postwar city (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre 1996)."
^ Murtic 2015: "Some Serbian families even dug out and transported the remains of their ancestors from the graveyards. For them, life under the political domination of Bosniaks and/or Croats was out of question. The Izetbegovic government in Sarajevo showed indifference to this massive, planned exodus of Sarajevo's Serbs. Izetbegovic himself once said that the people of Sarajevo 'finally deserved to be free of their murderers' (Sell 1999, p. 183)."
^ Murtic 2015: "Later, he called on all Serbs to stay."
^ Murtic 2015
^ IWPR 1996: "All sides involved in Bosnia seem set to win from such a development. Bosnian Serb authorities, international mediators, and the Bosnian federal government have all cast their shadows over the transfer of control over the Sarajevo suburbs from Republika Srpska to the Bosnian federation. All, therefore, bear some responsibility for the resulting mass exodus of Sarajevo's Serb inhabitants"
^ Burg i Shoup 2015: "The departure of the Sarajevo Serbs after Dayton and the exodus of Serbs from Krajina further illustrate the difficulty of distinguishing between coercion and voluntarism."
^ Turton 2003
^ Brock 2005: "Years later, "enlightened Western" journalism still refused to acknowledge the flight of tens of thousands of Sarajevo's Serbs along with its entire Jewish community — both with palpable memories from World War II atrocities — on the eve of the recognition of Bosnian "independence" in early 1992. "
^ Brock 2005: "Gjelten grudgingly conceded that "the Serb exodus" eventually forced foreign journalists "to reconsider their initial judgment" about Sarajevo's harmoniousness."

Literatura

Murtic, Dino (15. 9. 2015). Post-Yugoslav Cinema: Towards a Cosmopolitan Imagining. Springer. ISBN 978-1-137-52035-7.
Turton, David (24. 1. 2003). War and Ethnicity: Global Connections and Local Violence. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-0-85115-869-3.
Brock, Peter (2005). Media Cleansing, Dirty Reporting: Journalism and Tragedy in Yugoslavia. GM Books. ISBN 978-1-882383-30-6.
FBIS (1996). FBIS Daily Report: East Europe. Foreign Broadcast Information Service.
Burg, Steven L.; Shoup, Paul S. (2015). Ethnic Conflict and International Intervention: Crisis in Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1990-93. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-47102-8.
Chakravartty (1999). Mainstream. N. Chakravartty.
War Report. Institute for War & Peace Reporting. 1996.
McEvoy, Joanne; O'Leary, Brendan (22. 4. 2013). Power Sharing in Deeply Divided Places. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0798-9.

Vanjski linkovi

"Sarajevo Serbs pack for final exodus". Independent. 1. 1. 1996. Arhivirano s originala, 4. 12. 2017. Pristupljeno 23. 6. 2021.

[1] FBIS 1996: "The exodus of Sarajevo's Serbs is just one of many Serb exoduses during this war, but it is fatal for them. The Sarajevo Serbs are the most urban, educated, and largest ..."

[FBIS27b-2] FBIS 1996: "Before the exodus of the Sarajevo Serbs, the exodus of almost 17,000 Serbs from Odzak and Vukosavlje passed unnoticed in the public."

[Chakravartty120b-3] Chakravartty 1999: "The ethnic cleansing of the Krajina Serbs, quietly applauded by the governments of the United States and Germany, set precedents for the exodus of frightened Serbs from Sarajevo — once the beacon of Slavic and Islamic coexistence — after the Dayton accord signed December 14, 1995, in Paris. Neither the Muslim-led Bosnian Government nor the outside world, was able to offer the suburban Sarajevo Serbs — numbering approximately 150,000— convincing guarantees of safety."

[FOOTNOTEIndependent1996-4] Independent 1996.

[5] McEvoy i O'Leary 2013:"On the other hand, Dayton's ethnic circumscription of space after the war had detrimental effects on Sarajevo, catalyzing a mass exodus in early 1996 of some sixty-two thousand Sarajevo Serbs from inside what would be the Dayton borders of Sarajevo city and its suburbs and creating today's more monoethnic postwar city (Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre 1996)."

[6] Murtic 2015: "Some Serbian families even dug out and transported the remains of their ancestors from the graveyards. For them, life under the political domination of Bosniaks and/or Croats was out of question. The Izetbegovic government in Sarajevo showed indifference to this massive, planned exodus of Sarajevo's Serbs. Izetbegovic himself once said that the people of Sarajevo 'finally deserved to be free of their murderers' (Sell 1999, p. 183)."

[7] Murtic 2015: "Later, he called on all Serbs to stay."

[8] Murtic 2015

[9] IWPR 1996: "All sides involved in Bosnia seem set to win from such a development. Bosnian Serb authorities, international mediators, and the Bosnian federal government have all cast their shadows over the transfer of control over the Sarajevo suburbs from Republika Srpska to the Bosnian federation. All, therefore, bear some responsibility for the resulting mass exodus of Sarajevo's Serb inhabitants"

[10] Burg i Shoup 2015: "The departure of the Sarajevo Serbs after Dayton and the exodus of Serbs from Krajina further illustrate the difficulty of distinguishing between coercion and voluntarism."

[11] Turton 2003

[12] Brock 2005: "Years later, "enlightened Western" journalism still refused to acknowledge the flight of tens of thousands of Sarajevo's Serbs along with its entire Jewish community — both with palpable memories from World War II atrocities — on the eve of the recognition of Bosnian "independence" in early 1992. "

[13] Brock 2005: "Gjelten grudgingly conceded that "the Serb exodus" eventually forced foreign journalists "to reconsider their initial judgment" about Sarajevo's harmoniousness."

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