Wikipedia

Viridiplantae

(Preusmjereno sa Zelene biljke)

Viridiplantae (u prevodu "zelene biljke")[5] su kladus eukariotskih organizama sa oko 450.000–500.000 vrsta i ima značajnu ulogu i i kopnenim i u vodenim ekosistemima.[6] Sačinjavaju ih zelene alge koje su prije svega vodene, i kopnene biljke (embriofite), koje su se pojavile unutar njih.[7][8][9]

Viridiplantae
Asortiman virusa i talofita u plimnom bazenu, Tajvan
Asortiman virusa i talofita u plimnom bazenu, Tajvan
Sistematika
Sinonimi
  • Plantae Copeland, 1938, 1956[1][2]
  • Euchlorophyta Whittaker, 1969[3]
  • Chlorophyta sensu van den Hoek & Jahns, 1978[4]
  • Chlorobionta Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004
  • Chlorobiota Kendrick and Crane 1997
  • Chloroplastida Adl et al., 2005
  • Viridiplantae Cavalier-Smith 1981[5]
  • Phyta Barkley 1939 emed. Holt & Uidica 2007
  • Cormophyta Endlicher, 1836
  • Cormobionta Rothmaler, 1948
  • Euplanta Barkley, 1949
  • Telomobionta Takhtajan, 1964
  • Embryobionta Cronquist et al., 1966
  • Metaphyta Whittaker, 1969

Zelene alge tradicijski isključuju kopnene biljke i čine ih parafiletskom skupinom. Otkako je spoznato da su embriofiti nastali iz zelenih algi, neki autori počinju ih uključivati u ovaj kladus.[10][11][12][13][14] Imaju ćelije sa celuloznim zidovima i primarne hloroplaste, izvedene iz endosimbioza sa cijanobakterijama koje sadrže hlorofili a i b, bez fikobilina. Postoji više od 350.000 vrsta viridiplanta.[15] U nekim sistemima klasifikacije grupa se tretira kao carstvo,[16] pod raznim imenima, npr., Viridiplantae, Chlorobionta, ili jednostavno Plantae, a potonje se tradicijski proširuje na biljno carstvo i uključuje zelene alge. Adl i drugi, koji su 2005. godine napravili klasifikaciju za sve eukariote, za ovu grupu uveli su naziv Chloroplastida, odražavajući grupu koja ima primarni hloroplast sa zelenim hlorofilom. Odbacili su ime Viridiplantae s obrazloženjem da neke vrste nisu biljke, kako se tradicijski razumije.[17]

Viridiplantae čine dva kladus: Chlorophyta i Streptophyta kai i bazne Mesostigmatophyceae i Chlorokybophyceae.[18][19] Smatra se da, zajedno sa Rhodophyta i Glaucophyta, Viridiplantae pripadaju većem kladusu zvanom Archaeplastida ili Primoplantae. Taksonomska evaluacija eukariotas bazira na distribuciji miozina, pokazala je da su Viridiplantae izgubile miozina klase-I.[20]

Filogenija i klasifikacija

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Leliaert et al. 2012

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Pojednostavljena filogenija Viridiplantae, prema Leliaert et al. 2012.[21]

  • Viridiplantae
  • core chlorophytes

Kladogram

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Slijedi konsenzusna rekonstrukcija odnosa zelenih algi, uglavnom zasnovania na molekulskim podacima.[12][19][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]

Viridiplantae/
 
 

Mesostigmatophyceae

 
 
 

Spirotaenia

 
 

Chlorokybophyceae

 
 
 
 
Chlorophyta
 
 
 
 
Tetraphytina
Chlorophytina
 
 
 

Ulvophyceae

 
 

Chlorophyceae

 
 
 

Trebouxiophyceae

 
 
 

Chlorodendrophyceae

 
 
 

Pedinophyceae

 
 
 

Prasinophytes Kladus VIIA

 
 
 
 

Prasinophytes Kladus VIIC

 
 

Pycnococcaceae

 
 
 
 

Nephroselmidophyceae

 
 
 
 

Mamiellophyceae

 
 

Pyramimonadales

 
 
 
Palmophyllophyceae
 

Palmophyllales

 
 

Prasinococcales

 
 
 
Streptophyta/
 

Klebsormidiophyceae

 
Phragmoplastophyta
 

Charophyceae

 
 
 
 
 

Mesotaeniaceae

 
 

Zygnematophyceae

 
 
 

Embryophytes (kopnene biljke)

 
 
 

Coleochaetophyceae

 
 
 
Charophyta
 
Zelene alge

Također pogledaj

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Reference

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  1. ^ Copeland HF (1938). "The kingdoms of organisms". Quart. Rev. Biol. 13 (4): 383–420. doi:10.1086/394568.
  2. ^ Copeland HF (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books. str. 6.
  3. ^ Whittaker RH (januar 1969). "New concepts of kingdoms or organisms. Evolutionary relations are better represented by new classifications than by the traditional two kingdoms" (PDF). Science. 163 (3863): 150–60. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.403.5430. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150. PMID 5762760. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 17. 11. 2017. Pristupljeno 31. 1. 2015.
  4. ^ van den Hoek C, Jahns HM (1978). Einführung in die Phykologie (jezik: German). Stuttgart: Georg Thieme Verlag. ISBN 9783135511016.CS1 održavanje: nepoznati jezik (link)
  5. ^ a b Cavalier-Smith T (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?". Bio Systems. 14 (3–4): 461–81. doi:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2. PMID 7337818.
  6. ^ Leebens-Mack JH, Barker MS, Carpenter EJ, Deyholos MK, Gitzendanner MA, Graham SW, et al. (One Thousand Plant Transcriptomes Initiative) (oktobar 2019). "One thousand plant transcriptomes and the phylogenomics of green plants". Nature. 574 (7780): 679–685. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1693-2. PMC 6872490. PMID 31645766.
  7. ^ Cocquyt E, Verbruggen H, Leliaert F, Zechman FW, Sabbe K, De Clerck O (februar 2009). "Gain and loss of elongation factor genes in green algae". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 39. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-39. PMC 2652445. PMID 19216746.
  8. ^ Becker B (2007). Function and evolution of the vacuolar compartment in green algae and land plants (Viridiplantae). International Review of Cytology. 264. str. 1–24. doi:10.1016/S0074-7696(07)64001-7. ISBN 9780123742636. PMID 17964920.
  9. ^ Kim E, Graham LE (juli 2008). Redfield RJ (ured.). "EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata". PLOS One. 3 (7): e2621. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0002621. PMC 2440802. PMID 18612431. Nepoznati parametar |name-list-format= zanemaren (prijedlog zamjene: |name-list-style=) (pomoć)
  10. ^ Delwiche CF, Timme RE (juni 2011). "Plants". Current Biology. 21 (11): R417–22. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.04.021. PMID 21640897.
  11. ^ "Charophycean Green Algae Home Page". www.life.umd.edu. Pristupljeno 24. 2. 2018.
  12. ^ a b Ruhfel BR, Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Soltis DE, Burleigh JG (februar 2014). "From algae to angiosperms-inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 14: 23. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-23. PMC 3933183. PMID 24533922.
  13. ^ Delwiche CF, Cooper ED (oktobar 2015). "The Evolutionary Origin of a Terrestrial Flora". Current Biology. 25 (19): R899–910. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.08.029. PMID 26439353.
  14. ^ Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA (august 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989.
  15. ^ Smith SA, Beaulieu JM, Donoghue MJ (februar 2009). "Mega-phylogeny approach for comparative biology: an alternative to supertree and supermatrix approaches". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 9: 37. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-37. PMC 2645364. PMID 19210768.
  16. ^ "Viridiplantae". Pristupljeno 8. 3. 2009.
  17. ^ Adl SM, Simpson AG, Farmer MA, Andersen RA, Anderson OR, Barta JR, et al. (2005). "The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 52 (5): 399–451. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x. PMID 16248873.
  18. ^ Simon A, Glöckner G, Felder M, Melkonian M, Becker B (februar 2006). "EST analysis of the scaly green flagellate Mesostigma viride (Streptophyta): implications for the evolution of green plants (Viridiplantae)". BMC Plant Biology. 6: 2. doi:10.1186/1471-2229-6-2. PMC 1413533. PMID 16476162.
  19. ^ a b Sánchez-Baracaldo P, Raven JA, Pisani D, Knoll AH (septembar 2017). "Early photosynthetic eukaryotes inhabited low-salinity habitats". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 114 (37): E7737–E7745. doi:10.1073/pnas.1620089114. PMC 5603991. PMID 28808007.
  20. ^ Odronitz F, Kollmar M (2007). "Drawing the tree of eukaryotic life based on the analysis of 2,269 manually annotated myosins from 328 species". Genome Biology. 8 (9): R196. doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-9-r196. PMC 2375034. PMID 17877792.
  21. ^ a b Leliaert F, Smith DR, Moreau H, Herron MD, Verbruggen H, Delwiche CF, De Clerck O (2012). "Phylogeny and molecular evolution of the green algae" (PDF). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences. 31: 1–46. doi:10.1080/07352689.2011.615705.
  22. ^ a b Marin B (septembar 2012). "Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons". Protist. 163 (5): 778–805. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004. PMID 22192529.
  23. ^ Lewis LA, McCourt RM (oktobar 2004). "Green algae and the origin of land plants". American Journal of Botany. 91 (10): 1535–56. doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535. PMID 21652308. Arhivirano s originala, 21. 6. 2010. Pristupljeno 7. 2. 2020.
  24. ^ Laurin-Lemay S, Brinkmann H, Philippe H (august 2012). "Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data". Current Biology. 22 (15): R593–4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.013. PMID 22877776.
  25. ^ Leliaert F, Tronholm A, Lemieux C, Turmel M, DePriest MS, Bhattacharya D, Karol KG, Fredericq S, Zechman FW, Lopez-Bautista JM (maj 2016). "Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov". Scientific Reports. 6: 25367. doi:10.1038/srep25367. PMC 4860620. PMID 27157793.
  26. ^ Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EA, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shadwick L, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW (septembar 2012). "The revised classification of eukaryotes". The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–93. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.
  27. ^ Gitzendanner MA, Soltis PS, Wong GK, Ruhfel BR, Soltis DE (mart 2018). "Plastid phylogenomic analysis of green plants: A billion years of evolutionary history". American Journal of Botany. 105 (3): 291–301. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1048. PMID 29603143.
  28. ^ Riediger M, Hihara Y, Hess WR (1. 6. 2018). "From cyanobacteria and algae to land plants: The RpaB/Ycf27 regulatory network in transition". Perspectives in Phycology. 5 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1127/pip/2018/0078.

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