Staljinizam

Staljinizam predstavlja način upravljanja i vođenja politike koju je prakticirao Josif Staljin (1878–1953) u periodu od 1920-ih do 1953. godine, po kome je termin i nazvan. Staljinističke ideje, razvijene u Sovjetskom Savezu, nalažu ubrzanu industrijalizaciju, totalitarističku državu, kolektivizaciju poljoprivrede, kult ličnosti, i stavljanje interesa stranih komunističkih partija ispod interesa Komunističke partije Sovjetskog Saveza.^[1] ^[2]

Staljinizam je promovirao zaoštravanje klasne borbe, vršenje nasilja pomoću državnog aparata s ciljem uklanjanja svih koji podupiru buržoaziju, koju je staljinistička doktrina smatrala preprekom u komunističkoj revoluciji. Ovakav stav rezultirao je masovnim nasiljem političke prirode i progonima tih osoba.^[3] "Neprijatelji" nisu bili samo pripadnici buržoazije, već i članovi radničke klase za koje se sumnjalo da gaje simpatije nekompatibilne sa revolucijom. ^[4]

Svrha staljinističke industrijalizacije službeno je bila ubrzanje napretka prema dostizanju komunizma. Naglašavala se potreba sa takvim ubrzanim razvojem zbog ekonomskog zaostajanja Sovjetskog Saveza u poređenju sa drugim državama, uglavnom Zapadne Evrope. Kao drugi razlog navodila se potreba za jakom industrijom, bez koje se socijalističko društvo ne može suprotstaviti vanjskim i unutrašnjim neprijateljima komunizma.^[5] Nagla industrijalizacija bila je popraćena masovnom kolektivizacijom poljoprivrede i sveobuhvatnom urbanizacijom.^[6] Urbanizacijom su se brojna mala sela pretvorila u industrijske gradove. Radi ubrzanja industrijalizacije, Staljin je uvozio materijale, ideje, znanje i radnike iz Evrope i SAD-a,^[7] te sklopio ugovore s velikim američkim korporacijama, poput Ford Motor Companyja, koje su pod nadzorom države sudjelovale u razvoju temelja sovjetske industrije od 1920-ih do 1930-ih godina.^[8] Nakon izvršenja ugovora, operacije su preuzela sovjetska državna preduzeća.

Etimologija

Termin je dobio na značaju tokom 1930-ih godina, kada je Lazar Kaganović, sovjetski političar i Staljinov saradnik, izjavio: "Zamijenimo 'Živio Lenjinizam' sa 'Živio Staljinizam'!".^[9] Staljin je najprije oklijevao da koristi izraz, odbacajući ga zbog pretjerane laskavosti i stvaranja kulta ličnosti.^[9]

Reference

^ Jan Plamper, The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power (2012).
^ T. B. Bottomore. A Dictionary of Marxist thought. Malden, Massaschussetts, USA; Oxford, England, UK; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Berlin, Germany: Wiley-Blackwell, 1991. str. 54.
^ Stephen Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism As a Civilization. First Paperback Edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520208230. str. 71, 81, 307.
^ Jeffrey Rossman. Worker Resistance Under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor. Harvard University Press, 2005. ISBN 0674019261.
^ Stephen Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism As a Civilization. First Paperback Edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520208230. str. 70-71.
^ Stephen Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism As a Civilization. First Paperback Edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520208230. str. 70–79.
^ de Basily, N. (2017) [1938]. Russia Under Soviet Rule: Twenty Years of Bolshevik Experiment. Routledge Library Editions: Early Western Responses to Soviet Russia. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781351617178. Pristupljeno 3. 11. 2017. [...] vast sums were spent on importing foreign technical 'ideas' and on securing the services of alien experts. Foreign countries, again - American and Germany in particular - lent the U.S.S.R. active aid in drafting the plans for all the undertakings to be constructed. They supplied the Soviet Union with tens of thousands of engineers, mechanics, and foremen. During the first Five-Year Plan, not a single plant was erected nor was a new industry launched without the direct help of foreigners working on the spot. Without the importation of Western European and American objects, ideas, and men, the 'miracle in the East' would not have been realized, or, at least, not in so short a time.
^ Compare: LTC Roy E Peterson. Russian Romance: Danger and Daring. AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 94. "As described in one account: 'In May 1929 the Soviet Union signed an agreement with the Ford Motor Company [...] the Soviets agreed to purchase $13 million worth of Automobiles and parts, while Ford agreed to give technical assistance until 1938 to construct an integrated automobile-manufacturing plant at Nizhny Novgorod. [...]".
^ ^a ^b Montefiore 2004.

[1] Jan Plamper, The Stalin Cult: A Study in the Alchemy of Power (2012).

[B._Bottomore._1991._Pp._54-2] T. B. Bottomore. A Dictionary of Marxist thought. Malden, Massaschussetts, USA; Oxford, England, UK; Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Berlin, Germany: Wiley-Blackwell, 1991. str. 54.

[3] Stephen Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism As a Civilization. First Paperback Edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520208230. str. 71, 81, 307.

[4] Jeffrey Rossman. Worker Resistance Under Stalin: Class and Revolution on the Shop Floor. Harvard University Press, 2005. ISBN 0674019261.

[5] Stephen Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism As a Civilization. First Paperback Edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520208230. str. 70-71.

[Stephen_Kotkin_1997._Pp._70-79-6] Stephen Kotkin. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism As a Civilization. First Paperback Edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, USA: University of California Press, 1997. ISBN 9780520208230. str. 70–79.

[7] Basily, N. (2017) [1938]. Russia Under Soviet Rule: Twenty Years of Bolshevik Experiment. Routledge Library Editions: Early Western Responses to Soviet Russia. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 9781351617178. Pristupljeno 3. 11. 2017. [...] vast sums were spent on importing foreign technical 'ideas' and on securing the services of alien experts. Foreign countries, again - American and Germany in particular - lent the U.S.S.R. active aid in drafting the plans for all the undertakings to be constructed. They supplied the Soviet Union with tens of thousands of engineers, mechanics, and foremen. During the first Five-Year Plan, not a single plant was erected nor was a new industry launched without the direct help of foreigners working on the spot. Without the importation of Western European and American objects, ideas, and men, the 'miracle in the East' would not have been realized, or, at least, not in so short a time.

[LTC_Roy_E_Peterson_2011._Pp._94-8] Compare: LTC Roy E Peterson. Russian Romance: Danger and Daring. AuthorHouse, 2011. p. 94. "As described in one account: 'In May 1929 the Soviet Union signed an agreement with the Ford Motor Company [...] the Soviets agreed to purchase $13 million worth of Automobiles and parts, while Ford agreed to give technical assistance until 1938 to construct an integrated automobile-manufacturing plant at Nizhny Novgorod. [...]".

[FOOTNOTEMontefiore2004-9] Montefiore 2004.

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