Parafolikulska ćelija

*Parafollikulska ćelija*
Parafollikulska ćelija
	Histološki presjek tiroidne žlijezde sa folikilima, gdje su smještene parafolikulske ćelije
Identifikatori
Code	TH H3.08.02.4.00009
TH	H3.08.02.4.00009
FMA	68653
	Anatomska terminologija

Parafolikulske ćelije – poznate i kao C-ćelije, su neuroendokrine ćelije u štitnoj žlijezdi čiji je glavni zadatak lučenje kalcitonina. Nalaze se u blizini folikula štitnjače, u vezivnom tkivu. Ove ćelije su velike i imaju blijedu boju u poređenju sa ćelijama folikula ili koloidnim naslagama. Kod riba Teleostea i ptičjih vrsta ove ćelije zauzimaju strukture izvan štitnjače, pod nazivom ultimobranhijsko tijelo.

Struktura uredi

Parafolikulske ćelije su ćelije blijede boje koje se nalaze u malom broju u štitnjači, a obično se nalaze u baznom epitelu, bez direktnog kontakta sa folikulskim lumenom. Uvijek se nalaze u baznoj membranu, koja okružuje cijeli folikul.

Razvoj uredi

Parafolikulse ćelije nastaju od ćelija nervnog grebena. Embiološki, one se vežu sa ultimobranhijskim tijelom, koje je ventralna izvedenica četvrte (ili pete) ždrijelne kese. U seriji eksperimenata, ćelije nervnog grebena bile su presađene iz prepelice, s jedinstvenim i lahko identificiranim jezgrom, u neprepelični nervni greben. U ultimobranhijskom tijelu, dokazano je prisustvo ćelija sa jedrima prepelice. Na osnovbu toga izveden je zaključak da C-ćelije, tokom embriogeneze, prelaze iz nervnog grebena.^[1]^[2]

Funkcija uredi

Parafolikulske ćelije luče kalcitonin, hormon koji sudjeluje u regulaciji metabolizma kalcija. Značajan je kod riba i glodara, ali nije dokazana njegova relevantnost kod ljudi. Kalcitonin smanjuje razine kalcija u krvi, inhibirajući resorpciju kosti pomoću osteoklasta i izlučivanjem proporcionalno povećane koncentracije kalcija.^[3]

Za parafolikulske ćelije također je poznato da one luče manje količine nekoliko neuroendokrinih peptida, kao što su serotonin, somatostatin ili CGRP.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Također, mogu imati ulogu u regulaciji lokalne proizvodnje tiroidnih hormona, jer ispoljavaju hormon koji oslobađa tireotropin.^[7]^[8]

Klinički značaj uredi

Kada parafolikulske ćelije postanu kancerogene, one dovode do medularniog kancera štitnjače.

Yoko Kameda Y i njegovi saradnici su (od 1987. - 2016.) pokazali su da C-ćrlije potječu iz ždrijelnog endoderma uz štitnjaču, a ne od nervnog grebena. .

Također pogledajte uredi

Reference uredi

^ Le Douarin, N; Fontaine, J; Le Lièvre, C (1974). "New studies on the neural crest origin of the avian ultimobranchial glandular cells--interspecific combinations and cytochemical characterization of C cells based on the uptake of biogenic amine precursors". Histochemistry. 38 (4): 297–305. doi:10.1007/bf00496718. PMID 4135055.
^ Barasch, J; Gershon, MD; Nunez, EA; Tamir, H; al-Awqati, Q (1988). "Thyrotropin induces the acidification of the secretory granules of parafollicular cells by increasing the chloride conductance of the granular membrane" (PDF). The Journal of Cell Biology. 107 (6 Pt 1): 2137–47. doi:10.1083/jcb.107.6.2137. PMID 2461947.
^ Melmed, S; Polonsky, KS; Larsen, PR; Kronenberg, HM (2011). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (12th izd.). Saunders. str. 1250–1252. ISBN 978-1437703245.
^ Zabel, M (1984). "Ultrastructural localization of calcitonin, somatostatin and serotonin in parafollicular cells of rat thyroid". The Histochemical journal. 16 (12): 1265–72. doi:10.1007/bf01003725. PMID 6152264.
^ Barasch, JM; Mackey, H; Tamir, H; Nunez, EA; Gershon, MD (septembar 1987). "Induction of a neural phenotype in a serotonergic endocrine cell derived from the neural crest" (PDF). The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 7 (9): 2874–83. PMID 3305802.
^ Bernd, P; Gershon, MD; Nunez, EA; Tamir, H (mart 1981). "Separation of dissociated thyroid follicular and parafollicular cells: association of serotonin binding protein with parafollicular cells" (PDF). The Journal of Cell Biology. 88 (3): 499–508. doi:10.1083/jcb.88.3.499. PMID 7217200.
^ Gkonos, PJ; Tavianini, MA; Liu, CC; Roos, BA (1989). "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in normal thyroid parafollicular cells". Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 3 (12): 2101–9. doi:10.1210/mend-3-12-2101. PMID 2516877.
^ Morillo-Bernal J, Fernández-Santos JM, Utrilla JC, de Miguel M, García-Marín R, Martín-Lacave I (2009). "Functional expression of the thyrotropin receptor in C cells: new insights into their involvement in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis". Journal of Anatomy. 215 (2): 150–158. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01095.x. PMC 2740962. PMID 19493188.CS1 održavanje: upotreba parametra authors (link)

Dopunska literetura uredi

Y. Kameda. Localization of immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide in thyroid C dells from various mammalian species. Anat Rec. 219 (1987) 204-212.
Y. Kameda, T. Nishimaki, M. Miura, S.X. Jiang, F. Guillemot. Mash1 regulates the development of C cells in mouse thyroid glands. Dev Dyn. 236 (2007) 262-270.
Y. Kameda, T. Nishimaki, O. Chisaka, S. Iseki, H.M. Sucov. Expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin by thyroid C cells and their precursors during murine development. J Histochem Cytochem. 55 (2007) 1075-1088.
Y. Kameda, M. Ito, T. Nishimaki, N. Gotoh. FRS2α is required for the separation, migration, and survival of pharyngeal-endoderm derived organs including thyroid, ultimobranchial body, parathyroid, and thymus. Dev Dyn. 238 (2009) 503-513.
Y. Kameda. Cellular and molecular events on the development of mammalian thyroid C cells. Dev Dyn. 245 (2016) 323 - 341.
Cellular and molecular events on the development of mammalian C cells. Dev Dyn 245: 323-341

Baber EC: Contributions to the minute anatomy of the thyroid gland of the dog. Phil Trans R Soc 166 (1876) 557-568 (full text)

Vanjski linkovi uredi

Commons ima datoteke na temu: Parafolikulska ćelija

[1] Le Douarin, N; Fontaine, J; Le Lièvre, C (1974). "New studies on the neural crest origin of the avian ultimobranchial glandular cells--interspecific combinations and cytochemical characterization of C cells based on the uptake of biogenic amine precursors". Histochemistry. 38 (4): 297–305. doi:10.1007/bf00496718. PMID 4135055.

[2] Barasch, J; Gershon, MD; Nunez, EA; Tamir, H; al-Awqati, Q (1988). "Thyrotropin induces the acidification of the secretory granules of parafollicular cells by increasing the chloride conductance of the granular membrane" (PDF). The Journal of Cell Biology. 107 (6 Pt 1): 2137–47. doi:10.1083/jcb.107.6.2137. PMID 2461947.

[williams-3] Melmed, S; Polonsky, KS; Larsen, PR; Kronenberg, HM (2011). Williams Textbook of Endocrinology (12th izd.). Saunders. str. 1250–1252. ISBN 978-1437703245.

[4] Zabel, M (1984). "Ultrastructural localization of calcitonin, somatostatin and serotonin in parafollicular cells of rat thyroid". The Histochemical journal. 16 (12): 1265–72. doi:10.1007/bf01003725. PMID 6152264.

[5] Barasch, JM; Mackey, H; Tamir, H; Nunez, EA; Gershon, MD (septembar 1987). "Induction of a neural phenotype in a serotonergic endocrine cell derived from the neural crest" (PDF). The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience. 7 (9): 2874–83. PMID 3305802.

[6] Bernd, P; Gershon, MD; Nunez, EA; Tamir, H (mart 1981). "Separation of dissociated thyroid follicular and parafollicular cells: association of serotonin binding protein with parafollicular cells" (PDF). The Journal of Cell Biology. 88 (3): 499–508. doi:10.1083/jcb.88.3.499. PMID 7217200.

[7] Gkonos, PJ; Tavianini, MA; Liu, CC; Roos, BA (1989). "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone gene expression in normal thyroid parafollicular cells". Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.). 3 (12): 2101–9. doi:10.1210/mend-3-12-2101. PMID 2516877.

[8] Morillo-Bernal J, Fernández-Santos JM, Utrilla JC, de Miguel M, García-Marín R, Martín-Lacave I (2009). "Functional expression of the thyrotropin receptor in C cells: new insights into their involvement in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis". Journal of Anatomy. 215 (2): 150–158. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2009.01095.x. PMC 2740962. PMID 19493188.CS1 održavanje: upotreba parametra authors (link)

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