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Red 10:
| classis = [[Mammalia]]
| ordo = [[Artiodactyla]]
| order = Ruminantia▼
| familia = [[Bovidae]]
 
▲| order = Ruminantia
| authority = [[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1777
|razdioba_stepen = [[potodicaporodica (biologija)|Porodice]]
|razdioba =
* [[Tragulidae]]
Line 23 ⟶ 22:
* [[Bovidae]]
}}
'''Preživari''' ([[red (biologija)|podred]] '''Ruminantia''') su veliki [[kopitari|ungulatni]] [[biljojedi|biljojedni]] [[sisari]], na ispaši ili pretraživanju, koji su u stanju pribaviti hranjive tvari iz hrane biljnog porijekla, [[fermentacija| fermentacijom]] u specijaliziranom [[želudac|želucu]] prije probave, uglavnom [[mikrob]]nim djelovanjem. Proces, koji se odvija u prednjem dijelu probavnog sistema i zbog toga se naziva [[fermentacija prednjeg crijeva]], obično zahtijeva da se fermentirani unos hrane vrati i ponovo žvače. Postupak ponovnog žvakanja radi daljnje razgradnje biljnih tvari i podsticanja probave naziva se '''preživanje'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rumination: The process of foregut fermentation|url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/cetartiodactyla/Rumination.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ruminant Digestive System|url=http://faculty.fortlewis.edu/LASHELL_B/Nutr2-Rumdigestion.pdf}}</ref> Riječ ''ruminant'' (=preživar) dolazi od latinskog ''ruminare'', što znači "ponovo žvakati".
{{izmjene u toku}}
'''Ruminants''' ([[suborder]] '''Ruminantia''') are large [[ungulate|hoofed]] herbivorous grazing or browsing [[mammal]]s that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by [[Enteric fermentation|fermenting]] it in a specialized [[stomach]] prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions. The process, which takes place in the front part of the digestive system and therefore is called [[foregut fermentation]], typically requires the fermented ingesta (known as [[cud]]) to be regurgitated and chewed again. The process of rechewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called '''rumination'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rumination: The process of foregut fermentation|url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/cetartiodactyla/Rumination.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ruminant Digestive System|url=http://faculty.fortlewis.edu/LASHELL_B/Nutr2-Rumdigestion.pdf}}</ref> The word "ruminant" comes from the Latin ''ruminare'', which means "to chew over again".
 
The roughly 200 species of ruminants include both domestic and wild species.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Fernández|first1=Manuel Hernández|last2=Vrba|first2=Elisabeth S.|date=2005-05-01|title=A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants|journal=Biological Reviews|language=en|volume=80|issue=2|pages=269–302|doi=10.1017/s1464793104006670|issn=1469-185X|pmid=15921052|s2cid=29939520}}</ref> Ruminating mammals include [[cattle]], all domesticated and wild [[bovine]]s, [[goat]]s, [[sheep]], [[giraffe]]s, [[deer]], [[gazelle]]s, and [[antelope]]s.<ref name="Fowler, M.E. 2010">Fowler, M.E. (2010). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2XBSPBZU3EC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Medicine and Surgery of Camelids]", Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. Chapter 1 General Biology and Evolution addresses the fact that camelids (including camels and llamas) are not ruminants, pseudo-ruminants, or modified ruminants.</ref> It has also been suggested that [[Notoungulata|notoungulates]] also relied on rumination, as opposed to other [[atlantogenata|atlantogenates]] that rely on the more typical [[hindgut fermentation]], though this is not entirely certain.<ref>Richard F. Kay, M. Susana Bargo, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lFEgAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation], Cambridge University Press, 11/10/2012</ref>▼
 
 
Preživari su biljojedi čiji je želudac podijeljen na četiri odjeljka (burag, kapura, sirište i listavac) koji im omogućuju da pomoću enzima i mikroorganizama probave hranu bogatu primjericenaprimjer [[celuloza|celulozom]], koju sisavci[[sisari]] sa samo jednim želucem ne mogu probaviti.
 
▲TheIma roughlyotprilike 200 speciesvrsta ofpreživara, ruminantsuključujući includedomaće bothi domesticdivlje andvrste. wildOvi speciessisari u uključuju [[goveda]], sve pripitomljene i divlje vrste [[goveda]], [[koze]], [[ovce]], [[žirafe]g, [[jelen]]e, [[gazela|gazele]] i [[antilopa|antilope]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Fernández|first1=Manuel Hernández|last2=Vrba|first2=Elisabeth S.|date=2005-05-01|title=A complete estimate of the phylogenetic relationships in Ruminantia: a dated species-level supertree of the extant ruminants|journal=Biological Reviews|language=en|volume=80|issue=2|pages=269–302|doi=10.1017/s1464793104006670|issn=1469-185X|pmid=15921052|s2cid=29939520}}</ref> Ruminating mammals include [[cattle]], all domesticated and wild [[bovine]]s, [[goat]]s, [[sheep]], [[giraffe]]s, [[deer]], [[gazelle]]s, and [[antelope]]s.<ref name="Fowler, M.E. 2010">Fowler, M.E. (2010). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=Z2XBSPBZU3EC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Medicine and Surgery of Camelids]", Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell. Chapter 1 General Biology and Evolution addresses the fact that camelids (including camels and llamas) are not ruminants, pseudo-ruminants, or modified ruminants.</ref> ItTakođer hassugerirano alsoda been suggested thatse [[Notoungulata|notoungulatesNonoungulata]] alsotakođer reliedoslanjaju onna ruminationpreživanje, asza opposedrazliku tood otherdrugih [[atlantogenata|atlantogenates]] thatkoji relyse onoslanjaju the morena typicaltipskiju [[hindgutfermentacija fermentationu stražnjem crijevu|fermentaciju u stražnjem crijevu]], thoughiako thisto is notnije entirelysasvim certainsigurno.<ref>Richard F. Kay, M. Susana Bargo, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lFEgAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Early Miocene Paleobiology in Patagonia: High-Latitude Paleocommunities of the Santa Cruz Formation], Cambridge University Press, 11/10/2012</ref>
Izraz preživar potječe od toga da preživari kada miruju pretprobavljenu hranu vraćaju u usta i još jednom žvaču prije nego ju ponovno progutaju i odvedu u stvarnu probavu.
 
==Reference==
Želudac životinja koje su preživači dijeli se na burag, kapuru, knjižavce i sirište.
{{reflist}}
[[Kategorija:Sisari]]
[[Kategorija:Domaće životinje]]
[[Kategorija:Fauna Bosne i Hercegovine]]
Preuzeto iz "https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preživar"