Razlika između verzija stranice "Beta-2 mikroglobulin"

'''β₂ mikroglobulin''', znan i kao '''B2M''' je komponenta molekula [[MHC klasa I|MHC klase I]]. Molekule MHC-klase imaju α₁, α₂ i α₃ proteine koji su prisutni u svim jedarnim ćelijama (isključujući [[eritrocit|crvene krvne ćelije]]).<ref name="entrez_567">{{cite web | title = Entrez Gene: Beta-2-microglobulin| url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=567}}</ref><ref name="pmid3312414">{{cite journal | vauthors = Güssow D, Rein R, Ginjaar I, Hochstenbach F, Seemann G, Kottman A, Ploegh HL | title = The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 139 | issue = 9 | pages = 3132–8 | date = Novembernovembar 1987 | pmid = 3312414 | url = http://www.jimmunol.org/cgi/content/abstract/139/9/3132 }}</ref> Kod ljudi, β₂ mikroglobulinskz [[protein]]<ref name="pmid4586824">{{cite journal | vauthors = Cunningham BA, Wang JL, Berggård I, Peterson PA | title = The complete amino acid sequence of beta 2-microglobulin | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 12 | issue = 24 | pages = 4811–22 | date = Novembernovembar 1973 | pmid = 4586824 | doi = 10.1021/bi00748a001 }}</ref> kodiran je genom '''B2M'''.<ref name="pmid3312414"/><ref name="pmid6171820">{{cite journal | vauthors = Suggs SV, Wallace RB, Hirose T, Kawashima EH, Itakura K | title = Use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes: isolation of cloned cDNA sequences for human beta 2-microglobulin | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 78 | issue = 11 | pages = 6613–7 | date = Novembernovembar 1981 | pmid = 6171820 | pmc = 349099 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.78.11.6613 | bibcode = 1981PNAS...78.6613S }}</ref>

Dužina [[polipeptid]]nog lanca je 119 [[aminokiselina]], a [[molekularna masa|molekulska težina]] 13.715 [[dalton (jedinica)|Da]].<ref name="UniProt">{{cite web|url=http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P61769#sequences |title=UniProt, P61769|accessdateaccess-date=13. 7. 2021-07-13}}</ref>.

β₂ microglobulin mikroglobulin leži pored lanca α₃ na površini ćelije. Za razliku od α₃, β₂ nema [[Transmembranski protein | transmembransku]] regiju. Neposredno iznad β₂ (tj. dalje od ćelije) nalazi se lanac α₁, koji je sam pored α₂.

Niski nivoi β₂ mikroglobulina mogu ukazivati na neprogresivnost [[HIV]]-a.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rao M, Sayal SK, Uppal SS, Gupta RM, Ohri VC, Banerjee S | title = Beta-2-Microglobulin Levels in Human-Immunodeficiency Virus Infected Subjects | journal = Medical Journal, Armed Forces India | volume = 53 | issue = 4 | pages = 251–254 | date = Octoberoktobar 1997 | pmid = 28769505 | pmc = 5531080 | doi = 10.1016/S0377-1237(17)30746-3 }}</ref>

Nivoi β₂ mikroglobulin može biti povišen kod [[multipli mijelom|multiplog mijeloma]] i [[limfom]]a, iako su u ovim slučajevima primarna amiloidoza (lahki lanac amiloida) i sekundarna amiloidoza (protein povezan sa amiloidima) češći. Normalna vrijednost β₂ mikroglobulina je < 2&nbsp;mg/L.<ref name="isbn0-07-141184-4">{{cite book | author = Pignone M, Nicoll D | author2 = McPhee SJ | title = Pocket guide to diagnostic tests | edition = 4th | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York | year = 2004 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071411844/page/191 191] | isbn = 0-07-141184-4 | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780071411844/page/191 }}</ref> Međutim, s obzirom na multipli mijelom, nivoi β₂ mikroglobulina mogu biti i na drugom kraju spektra.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/amyloidosis/ | title= Amyloidosis | website= The Lecturio Medical Concept Library |access-date= 28. June6. 2021}}</ref> Dijagnostičko ispitivanje multiplog mijeloma uključuje dobivanje nivoa β₂ mikroglobulina, jer je ovaj nivo važan prognostički pokazatelj. Od 2011., očekuje se da će pacijent sa razinom od < 4 &nbsp;mg/L imati medijanu preživljavanja 43 mjeseca, dok će pacijent sa nivoom > 4 &nbsp;mg/ imati medijanu preživljavanja od samo 12 mjeseci<ref name="isbn0-07-174889-X">{{cite book | veditors = Loscalzo J, Longo DL, Fauci AS, Dennis LK, Hauser SL | title = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | vauthors = Munshi NC, Longo DL, Anderson KC | chapter = Chapter 111: Plasma Cell Disorders | pages = 936–44| edition = 18th | publisher = McGraw-Hill Professional | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-07-174889-6 }}</ref> β₂ razine mikroglobulina ne mogu, međutim, razlikovati [[MGUS| monoklonsku gamopatiju neodređenog značaja]] (MGUS) koja ima bolju prognozu i ''tinjajući'' (nizak stupanj) mijeloma.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Rajkumar SV | title = MGUS and smoldering multiple myeloma: update on pathogenesis, natural history, and management | journal = Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program | volume = 2005 | pages = 340–5 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16304401 | doi = 10.1182/asheducation-2005.1.340 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bataille R, Klein B | title = Serum levels of beta 2 microglobulin and interleukin-6 to differentiate monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance | journal = Blood | volume = 80 | issue = 9 | pages = 2433–4 | date = Novembernovembar 1992 | pmid = 1421418 | doi = 10.1182/blood.V80.9.2433.2433 | doi-access = free }}</ref>

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Huang WC, Havel JJ, Zhau HE, Qian WP, Lue HW, Chu CY, Nomura T, Chung LW | display-authors = 6 | title = Beta2-microglobulin signaling blockade inhibited androgen receptor axis and caused apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells | journal = Clinical Cancer Research | volume = 14 | issue = 17 | pages = 5341–7 | date = Septemberseptembar 2008 | pmid = 18765525 | pmc = 3032570 | doi = 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0793 }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Huang WC, Wu D, Xie Z, Zhau HE, Nomura T, Zayzafoon M, Pohl J, Hsieh CL, Weitzmann MN, Farach-Carson MC, Chung LW | display-authors = 6 | title = beta2-microglobulin is a signaling and growth-promoting factor for human prostate cancer bone metastasis | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 66 | issue = 18 | pages = 9108–16 | date = Septemberseptembar 2006 | pmid = 16982753 | doi = 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-1996 | doi-access = free }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Winchester JF, Salsberg JA, Levin NW | title = Beta-2 microglobulin in ESRD: an in-depth review | journal = Advances in Renal Replacement Therapy | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 279–309 | date = Octoberoktobar 2003 | pmid = 14681859 | doi = 10.1053/j.arrt.2003.11.003 }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Krangel MS, Orr HT, Strominger JL | title = Assembly and maturation of HLA-A and HLA-B antigens in vivo | journal = Cell | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 979–91 | date = Decemberdecembar 1979 | pmid = 93026 | doi = 10.1016/0092-8674(79)90210-1 | doi-access = free }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Okon M, Bray P, Vucelić D | title = 1H NMR assignments and secondary structure of human beta 2-microglobulin in solution | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 31 | issue = 37 | pages = 8906–15 | date = Septemberseptembar 1992 | pmid = 1390678 | doi = 10.1021/bi00152a030 }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Guo HC, Jardetzky TS, Garrett TP, Lane WS, Strominger JL, Wiley DC | s2cid = 4324984 | title = Different length peptides bind to HLA-Aw68 similarly at their ends but bulge out in the middle | journal = Nature | volume = 360 | issue = 6402 | pages = 364–6 | date = Novembernovembar 1992 | pmid = 1448153 | doi = 10.1038/360364a0 | bibcode = 1992Natur.360..364G }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Gattoni-Celli S, Kirsch K, Timpane R, Isselbacher KJ | title = Beta 2-microglobulin gene is mutated in a human colon cancer cell line (HCT) deficient in the expression of HLA class I antigens on the cell surface | journal = Cancer Research | volume = 52 | issue = 5 | pages = 1201–4 | date = Marchmart 1992 | pmid = 1737380 }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Saper MA, Bjorkman PJ, Wiley DC | title = Refined structure of the human histocompatibility antigen HLA-A2 at 2.6 A resolution | journal = Journal of Molecular Biology | volume = 219 | issue = 2 | pages = 277–319 | date = Maymaj 1991 | pmid = 2038058 | doi = 10.1016/0022-2836(91)90567-P }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Caruana RJ, Lobel SA, Leffell MS, Campbell H, Cheek PL | title = Tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 and beta 2-microglobulin levels in chronic hemodialysis patients | journal = The International Journal of Artificial Organs | volume = 13 | issue = 12 | pages = 794–8 | date = Decemberdecembar 1990 | pmid = 2289831 | doi = 10.1177/039139889001301205 }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Connors LH, Shirahama T, Skinner M, Fenves A, Cohen AS | title = In vitro formation of amyloid fibrils from intact beta 2-microglobulin | journal = Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications | volume = 131 | issue = 3 | pages = 1063–8 | date = Septemberseptembar 1985 | pmid = 2413854 | doi = 10.1016/0006-291X(85)90198-6 }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hochman JH, Shimizu Y, DeMars R, Edidin M | title = Specific associations of fluorescent beta-2-microglobulin with cell surfaces. The affinity of different H-2 and HLA antigens for beta-2-microglobulin | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 140 | issue = 7 | pages = 2322–9 | date = Aprilapril 1988 | pmid = 2450918 }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Hönig R, Marsen T, Schad S, Barth C, Pollok M, Baldamus CA | title = Correlation of beta-2-microglobulin concentration changes to changes of distribution volume | journal = The International Journal of Artificial Organs | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = 459–64 | date = Novembernovembar 1988 | pmid = 3060434 }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Güssow D, Rein R, Ginjaar I, Hochstenbach F, Seemann G, Kottman A, Ploegh HL | title = The human beta 2-microglobulin gene. Primary structure and definition of the transcriptional unit | journal = Journal of Immunology | volume = 139 | issue = 9 | pages = 3132–8 | date = Novembernovembar 1987 | pmid = 3312414 }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Cunningham BA, Wang JL, Berggård I, Peterson PA | title = The complete amino acid sequence of beta 2-microglobulin | journal = Biochemistry | volume = 12 | issue = 24 | pages = 4811–22 | date = Novembernovembar 1973 | pmid = 4586824 | doi = 10.1021/bi00748a001 }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Suggs SV, Wallace RB, Hirose T, Kawashima EH, Itakura K | title = Use of synthetic oligonucleotides as hybridization probes: isolation of cloned cDNA sequences for human beta 2-microglobulin | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 78 | issue = 11 | pages = 6613–7 | date = Novembernovembar 1981 | pmid = 6171820 | pmc = 349099 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.78.11.6613 | bibcode = 1981PNAS...78.6613S }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Momoi T, Suzuki M, Titani K, Hisanaga S, Ogawa H, Saito A | title = Amino acid sequence of a modified beta 2-microglobulin in renal failure patient urine and long-term dialysis patient blood | journal = Clinica Chimica Acta; International Journal of Clinical Chemistry | volume = 236 | issue = 2 | pages = 135–44 | date = Maymaj 1995 | pmid = 7554280 | doi = 10.1016/0009-8981(95)06039-G }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Collins EJ, Garboczi DN, Karpusas MN, Wiley DC | title = The three-dimensional structure of a class I major histocompatibility complex molecule missing the alpha 3 domain of the heavy chain | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 92 | issue = 4 | pages = 1218–21 | date = Februaryfebruar 1995 | pmid = 7862664 | pmc = 42670 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.92.4.1218 | bibcode = 1995PNAS...92.1218C }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Matoba R, Okubo K, Hori N, Fukushima A, Matsubara K | title = The addition of 5'-coding information to a 3'-directed cDNA library improves analysis of gene expression | journal = Gene | volume = 146 | issue = 2 | pages = 199–207 | date = Septemberseptembar 1994 | pmid = 8076819 | doi = 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90293-3 }}

* {{cite journal | vauthors = Wang Z, Cao Y, Albino AP, Zeff RA, Houghton A, Ferrone S | title = Lack of HLA class I antigen expression by melanoma cells SK-MEL-33 caused by a reading frameshift in beta 2-microglobulin messenger RNA | journal = The Journal of Clinical Investigation | volume = 91 | issue = 2 | pages = 684–92 | date = Februaryfebruar 1993 | pmid = 8432869 | pmc = 288010 | doi = 10.1172/JCI116249 }}

[[Kategorija:Imunološki sistem]]

[[Kategorija: Geni na hromosomu 15]]

[[Kategorija: Ljudski proteini]]