Razlika između verzija stranice "Englerov sistem"

'''Englerov sistem''' klasifikacije uspostavio je [[Adolf Engler]] (1844–1930), a predstavljen je u dva glavna taksonomska teksta čiji je autor ili koautor. Njegov uticaj ogleda se u upotrebi izraza „Englerova škola“ i „Englerova era“. Englerovo polazište bilo je ono [[Eichlerov sistem | Eichlerovo]], koji je prvi upotrijebio [[filogeneza|filogenetske]] principe, iako sam Engler nije mislio da je to tako bilo.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V2QyHhwOnQQC&pg=PA59 Linnaeus' System of Classification and Thereafter p. 59]}}

Ostali gklavni radovi bili su: Prirodne biljne porodice (''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien'') n(1887-1915) sa [[Karl Anton Prantl|Karlom Prantom ]] u 23 toma.{{sfn|Engler|Prantl|1887–1915}} Nekompletno drugo izdanje izdato je u 28 dijelova (1924-1980).{{sfn|Frodin|2001|loc=p. 98}} Sastojalo se od potpune revizije biljnih porodica sve do generičkog nivoa, a često i dalje.{{sfn|Stace|1989|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA31 Post-Darwinian phylogenetic systems p. 31]}} "Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien" još uvijek se smatra jednom od rijetkih pravih svjetskih flora.{{sfn|Stace|1989|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA31 Post-Darwinian phylogenetic systems p. 31]}}{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|2005}} Konačno, tu je i nepotpuno djelo „Biljno carstvo“ – ''Das Pflanzenreich'' (1900–1968), {{sfn | Engler | 1900–1968}} multiautorski rad koji je pokušao da pruži modernu verziju [[Carl Linnaeus | Linnaeusovog]] djela '' '[Species Plantarum'' (1753).{{sfn|Stace|1989|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA31 Post-Darwinian phylogenetic systems p. 31]}} Englerov sistem brzo je postao najčešće korišten sistem na svetu.{{sfn|Walters|Keil|1996| loc = [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbaNxSnNoecC&pg=PA469 Tradicionalna filogenetska klasifikacija str.469 ]}}

Upućivanje na Englerov sistem može podrazumevijevati izdanje ''Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien'' ili ''Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien''. Različiti pristupi između dvaju djela i različitih izdanja rezultirali su nedosljednostima u opisima sistema. Brojne reference na Englerov sistem zapravo se odnose na kasnije revizije (modificirani Englerov sistem) koje su poduzeli [[Hans Melchior | Melchior]] i njegove kolege, u 12. izdanju silabusa (1964) . Mnogi su [[herbarij]]i organizovani po Englerovom sistemu, posebno u Severnoj Americi i Evropi, osim Britanije.{{sfn|Walters|Keil|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbaNxSnNoecC&pg=PA469 Traditional phylogenetic classification p. 469]}}{{sfn|Stace|1989|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA31 Post-Darwinian phylogenetic systems p. 31]}}{{sfn|Walters|Keil|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbaNxSnNoecC&pg=PA74 Final stages of processing specimens p. 74]}}

Smatralo se da biljke formiraju brojne odjele (''Abteilung''), čiji se broj stalno mijenjao; u početku (1886.) bila su četiri, a 1919. trinaest. Mnogi od njih odnosili su se na niže oblike života, poput [[bakterija]] i [[alge|algi]], koje danas ne bi nužno trebalo smatrati biljkama. U početku su se više biljke ([[Embryophyta]]) ili [[kopnene biljke]] razmatrale u dvije divizije, ''Embryophyta Asiphonogama'' ([[mahovine]], [[pteridophyta|papratnjače]]) i ''Embryophyta Siphonogama'' ([[Spermatophyta]]: [[golosjemenjače]], [[cvjetnice]]), ali kasnije su podijeljee. ''Embryophyta Siphonogama'' zamijenio je stariji izraz Phanerogamae, a razredi su dalje podijeljeni u grupe porodica, nazvane skraćenicom Red. Engler je pratio Eichlerovu filogeniju, postavljajući monokotiledone prije dvokotiledona, a unutar potonjih, [[Archichlamydeae]] prije [[Metachlamydeae]]. Iako su se grupe uglavnom temeljile na [[Bentham-Hookerov sistem|Benthamu i Hookeru]], grupa Red su se u velikoj mjeri temeljile na konceptu primitivnih biljaka i onih koje su iz njih proistekle.{{sfn|Stace|1989|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA31 Post-Darwinian phylogenetic systems p. 31]}}

* {{cite book|last1=Engler|first1=Adolf|title=Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau|date=1886|publisher=J.U. Kerns Verlag (Max Müller)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUcyAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=2. May5. 2015|language=german|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|title=Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten|date=1887–1915|language=German|volume=33 parts (Abteilungen) in 23 volumes|publisher=W. Engelmann|location=Leipzig|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/4635#/summary||editor1-last=Engler|editor1-first=Adolf|editor2-last=Prantl|editor2-first=Karll|accessdate=31. January1. 2014|ref=harv}} {{link note|note= At BHL, also Google Books, [https://books.google.ca/books?id=CCRO1jcz8h8C III (6–8)]}}

* {{cite book|last1=Engler|first1=Adolf|title=Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik. Eine Uebersicht über das gesammte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal-und Nutzpflanzen|date=1892|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag|location=Berlin|pages=143|edition=1st|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/69853#/summary|accessdate=29. April4. 2015|language=german|ref=harv}}

** {{cite book|editor1-last=Frey|editor1-first=Wolfgang|editor2-last=Stech|editor2-first=Michael|editor3-last=Fischer|editor3-first=Eberhard|title=A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Part 3: Bryophytes and seedless vascular plants|date=2009|publisher=Borntraeger|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-443-01063-8|edition=13th|url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783443010638/Syllabus_of_Plant_Families_A_Engler_s_Syllabus_der|accessdate=29. April4. 2015|ref=harv}} [https://books.google.com/books/about/Syllabus_der_Pflanzenfamilien.html?id=EzZFAQAAIAAJ Google Books]

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Engler|editor1-first=Adolf|title=Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetablilis conspectus|date=1900–1968|publisher=W. Engelmann|location=Leipzig|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/250#/summary|accessdate=3. May5. 2015|language=german|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Frodin|first1=David G.|title=Guide to Standard Floras of the World: An Annotated, Geographically Arranged Systematic Bibliography of the Principal Floras, Enumerations, Checklists and Chorological Atlases of Different Areas|date=2001|origyear=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139428651|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Guide_to_Standard_Floras_of_the_World.html?id=aMjXCF4rmDUC|accessdate=28. April4. 2015|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Stace|first1=Clive A.|title=Plant taxonomy and biosystematics|date=1989|origyear=1980|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521427852|edition=2nd.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C|accessdate=29. April4. 2015|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last=Carter|first=Humphrey G.|title=Genera of British plants arranged according to Engler's Syllabus der pflanzenfamilien (Seventh edition 1912)|date=1913|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/20451#/summary|accessdate=10. February2. 2014|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=Bharati|title=Systematic botany|date=2005|publisher=Alpha Science International Ltd.|location=Harrow|isbn=9781842652510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2QyHhwOnQQC|accessdate=29. April4. 2015|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Stuessy|first1=Tod F.|title=Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231518642|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC|accessdate=5. May5. 2015|ref=harv}}

* {{cite book|last1=Walters|first1=Dirk R.|last2=Keil|first2=David J.|title=Vascular plant taxonomy|date=1996|origyear=1975|publisher=Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co.|location=Dubuque, Iowa|isbn=9780787221089|edition=4th|url=https://archive.org/details/vascularplanttax00walt|url-access=registration|accessdate=30. April4. 2015|ref=harv}}

[[Kategorija: Sistemi taksonomije biljaka]]

[[Kategorija: Sistemi taksonomije bakterija]]

[[Kategorija: Sistemi taksonomije gljiva]]

[[Kategorija: Sistemi taksonomije algi]]