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* Primoplantae <small>Palmer et al. 2004</small><ref name="palmer"/>
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'''Archaeplastida''' – sadašnje [[carstvo (biologija)|carstvo]] '''[[Plantae]]''' ''[[sensu lato]]'' – glavna su grupa [[autotrof]]nih [[eukariot]]a, koju čine [[crvene alge]] (Rhodophyta), [[zelene alge]] i [[embryophyte|kopnene biljke]], skupa sa malim grupama slatkovodnih jednoćelijskih algi zvanih [[Glaucophyta]].<ref name="pmid21220783">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ball S, Colleoni C, Cenci U, Raj JN, Tirtiaux C |title=The evolution of glycogen and starch metabolism in eukaryotes gives molecular clues to understand the establishment of plastid endosymbiosis |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=62 |issue=6 |pages=1775–1801 |date=Januaryjanuar 2011 |pmid=21220783 |doi=10.1093/jxb/erq411 |url=http://jexbot.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=21220783 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113034004/http://jexbot.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=21220783 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-13. 1. 2013 }}</ref>
 
Arheplastide imaju [[hloroplast]]e okružene s dvije membrane, što sugerira da su nastali izravno od [[endosimbioza|endosimbiotskih]] [[cijanobakterija]]. Sve ostale grupe osim ameboida ''[[Paulinella]] chromatofora'' imaju hloroplaste okružene s tri ili četiri membrane, što sugerira da su stečene sekundarno iz crvenih ili zelenih algi. Za razliku od crvenih i zelenih algi, glaukofite nikada nisu bile uključene u sekundarne endosimbioze.<ref>[https://books.google.no/books?id=0-PIBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA29&lpg=PA29&dq=%22no+endosymbiotic+events+from+Glaucophyta+are+reported%22&source=bl&ots=1VUdJy3ApT&sig=ACfU3U2v4zAOz3pX-7m0CJJbKfQcY88XTw&hl=no&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiujJr36qTiAhUixcQBHXxfCXYQ6AEwBnoECAIQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22no%20endosymbiotic%20events%20from%20Glaucophyta%20are%20reported%22&f=false Handbook of Marine Microalgae: Biotechnology Advances]</ref>
 
Ćelijama arheplastia tipski nedostaju [[centriole]] i imaju [[mitohondrije]] sa pljosnatim [[krista]]ma. Obično imaju [[ćelijski zid]] koji sadrži [[celuloza|celulozu]], a asimilati se čuvaju u obliku [[skrob]]a. Međutim, ove karakteristike dijele se i sa drugim [[eukarioti]]ma. Glavni dokaz da Arheplastida tvori [[monofilija|monofiletsku]] grupu potiče iz genetičkih studija, koje pokazuju da su njihovi [[plastidi]] vjerojatno imali jedno te isto porijeklo. Ovaj dokaz je, međutim, osporavan.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Parfrey. L. W. |author2=Barbero, E. |author3=Lasser, E |title=Evaluating support for the current classification of eukaryotic diversity |journal=PLoS Genetics |volume=2 |issue=12 |pages=e220 |date=Decemberdecembar 2006 |pmid=17194223 |pmc=1713255 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.0020220 |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="kim">{{cite journal |pmc= 2440802 |doi= 10.1371/journal.pone.0002621 |date=Julyjuli 2008 |author= Kim, E |author2=Graham, L. E. |title= EEF2 analysis challenges the monophyly of Archaeplastida and Chromalveolata |volume= 3 |issue= 7 |pages= e2621 |pmid= 18612431 |journal= PLoS ONE |editor1-last= Redfield |editor1-first= Rosemary Jeanne|bibcode= 2008PLoSO...3.2621K }}</ref> Na osnovu dosadašnjih dokaza, nije moguće potvrditi ili opovrgnuti alternativne evolucijske scenarije niti jednom slučaju [[endosimbioza| primarne endosimbioze]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Mackiewicz | first1 = P. | last2 = Gagat | first2 = P. | year = 2014 | title = Monophyly of Archaeplastida supergroup and relationships among its lineages in the light of phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies. Are we close to a consensus?. | url = | journal = Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae | volume = 83 | issue = 4| pages = 263–280 | doi=10.5586/asbp.2014.044}}</ref> Fotosintetski organizmi s plastidama različitog porijekla (poput [[smeđe alge|smeđih algi]]) ne pripadaju u Archaeplastida.
 
Arheplastide spadaju u dvije glavne evolucijske linije. [[Crvene alge]] su pigmentirane [[hlorofil]]om ''a'' i [[fikobiliprotein]]om, poput većine [[cijanobakterija]], i akumuliraju škrob izvan hloroplasta. [[Zelene alge]] i [[kopnene biljke]] – zajedno poznate i kao [[Viridiplantae]] (latinski za „zelene biljke“) ili Chloroplastida – pigmentirane su hlorofilima ''a'' i [[hlorofill b|''b'']], ali nedostaje fikobiliprotein, a skrob se nakuplja u hloroplastima.<ref name=Viola>{{cite journal|title=The unique features of starch metabolism in red algae|first1=R.|last1=Viola|first2=P.|last2=Nyvall|first3=M|last3=Pedersén|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=268|issue=1474|date=2001|pages=1417–1422|doi=10.1098/rspb.2001.1644|pmid=11429143|pmc=1088757}}</ref> Glaukofita imaju tipske cijanobakterijske pigmente i neobični su po tome što, unutar svojih plastida (zvanih cijaneli), imaju [[ćelijski zid]].<ref name=Adl2005>{{cite journal |first= S.M. |last= Adl |title= The New Higher Level Classification of Eukaryotes with Emphasis on the Taxonomy of Protists |journal= Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology |year=2005 |volume=52 |issue=5 |pages=399–451 |doi= 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2005.00053.x |pmid=16248873|display-authors=etal|url= https://semanticscholar.org/paper/a283651b716e32dfe1c51189317f41daf93110a7 }}</ref>
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Ćelije većine arheplastida imaju zidove, obično, ali ne uvijek od celuloze.
Arheplastide uveliko variraju u stupnju ćelijske organizacije, od izoliranih ćelija do nitastih kolonija i do višećelijskih organizama. Najraniji su bili jednoćelijski, a mnoge grupe ostale su takve i do danas. Višećelijska evolucija razvijala se odvojeno u nekoliko grupa, uključujući crvene alge, [[ulvophyceae | ulvofitne zelene alge]] i zelene alge koje su stvorile kamene i kopnene biljke.
 
==Endosimbioza==
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Dokaz za primarnu endosimbozu uključuje prisustvo dvostruke membrane oko hloroplasta; jedna je pripadala bakteriji, a druga eukariotu koji ju je zarobio. Vremenom, mnogi geni iz hloroplasta prebačeni su u [[ćelijsko jedro]] domaćina. Prisustvo takvih gena u jedrima eukariota bez hloroplasta sugerira da se ovaj transfer desio početkom evolucije ove grupe.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Andersson |first= Jan O. |author2=Roger, Andrew J. |title= A cyanobacterial gene in non-photosynthetic protists – an early chloroplast acquisition in eukaryotes? |journal= Current Biology |year= 2002 |volume= 12 |issue= 2 |pages= 115–119 |doi= 10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00649-2 |pmid= 11818061}}</ref>
 
Izgleda da su drugi eukarioti hloroplaste stekli zahvaćajući jednoćelijskim arheplastidama s vlastitim hloroplastima koji potiču iz bakterija. Kako ovi događaji uključuju endosimbiozu ćelija koje imaju svoje endosimbionte, proces se naziva "sekundarna endosimbioza". Hloroplasti takvih eukariota su obično okruženi s više od dvije membrane, što odražava shvatanje historije višestrukog preuzimanja. Hloroplasti [[euglenida]], [[chlorarachniophyte]], [[hlorachniophyte]] i male grupa [[dinoflagellata]] izgleda da su preuzeti iz zelenih algi,<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1098/rstb.2009.0103| pmid=20124341| pmc=2817223| title=The endosymbiotic origin, diversification and fate of plastids| journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences| volume=365| issue=1541| pages=729–748| year=2010| last1=Keeling| first1=Patrick J.}}</ref> budući da izgleda da su oni kod preostalih fotosintetskih eukariota, poput algi [[heterokonta]], [[Cryptomonadina | kriptofita]], [[haptofita]] i [[dinoflagelata]], zarobljene [[crvene alge]].
 
==Fosilni tragovi==
Najstariji ostaci Arheplastida možda su sumnjive crvene alge (''[[Rafatazmia]]'') unutar [[stromatolit]]a, od prije 1.600&nbsp miliona godina, nađeni u stijenama u Indiji.<ref name=Rafatazmia>{{cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.2000735|pmid=28291791|pmc=5349422|title=Three-dimensional preservation of cellular and subcellular structures suggests 1.6 billion-year-old crown-group red algae|journal=PLOS Biology|volume=15|issue=3|pages=e2000735|year=2017|last1=Bengtson|first1=Stefan|last2=Sallstedt|first2=Therese|last3=Belivanova|first3=Veneta|last4=Whitehouse|first4=Martin}}</ref> Nešto noviji su [[mikrofosil]]i iz grupe Roper na sjeveru Australije. Struktura ovih jednoćelijskih fosila podsjeća na moderne zelene alge. Oni datiraju iz ere [[mezoproterozoik]], prije oko 1.500 do 1.300&nbsp; miliona godina.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Javaux |first= Emmanuelle J. |author2= Knoll, Andrew H.|author3= Walter, Malcolm R. |title= TEM evidence for eukaryotic diversity in mid-Proterozoic oceans |journal= Geobiology |year= 2004 |volume= 2 |issue= 3 |pages= 121–132 |doi= 10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00027.x|url= https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c61c6d562a25fd34dcbf184bc422fe304d95d418 }}</ref> Ovi fosili su u skladu sa [[molekularni sat|molekulskim satom]] prema kojem je izračunato da se taj kladus izdvojio prije oko 1500&nbsp;miliona godina.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Yoon |first= Hwan Su |author2= Hackett, Jeremiah D.|author3= Ciniglia, Claudia|author4= Pinto, Gabriele|author5= Bhattacharya, Debashish |title= A molecular timeline for the origin of photosynthetic eukaryotes |journal= Molecular Biology and Evolution |year= 2004 |volume= 21 |issue= 5 |pages= 809–818 |doi= 10.1093/molbev/msh075 |pmid= 14963099}}</ref>
 
Najstariji fosil koji se može dodijeliti određenoj modernoj grupi je crvena alga ''[[Bangiomorpha]]'', od prije oko 1200&nbsp;miliona godina.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Butterfield |first= Nicholas J.|title= ''Bangiomorpha pubescens'' n. gen., n. sp.: implications for the evolution of sex, multicellularity, and the Mesoproterozoic/Neoproterozoic radiation of eukaryotes |journal= Paleobiology |year= 2000 |volume= 26 |issue= 3 |pages= 386–404
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==Taksonomija==
Nakon konsenzusa iz 2005., kada je grupa koja se sastoji od glaukofita i crvenih i zelenih algi i kopnenih biljaka dobila ime 'Archaeplastida',<ref name=Adl2005/> rangirane su kao [[kladus]], tj. tretirane su kao [[monofilija|monofletske]]. Mnoge studije objavljene od tada pružile su dokaze postignutom u dogovoru.<ref name="Burki2007">{{cite journal|title=Phylogenomics Reshuffles the Eukaryotic Supergroups|author=Burki, Fabien |author2=Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi|author3=Marianne Minge|author4=Åsmund Skjæveland|author5=Sergey I. Nikolaev|author6=Kjetill S. Jakobsen|author7= Jan Pawlowski|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=2|issue=8|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0000790|pmc=1949142|pmid=17726520|year=2007|pages=e790|editor1-last=Butler|editor1-first=Geraldine|bibcode=2007PLoSO...2..790B}}</ref><ref name="Burki2009">{{Cite journal |last=Burki |first=F. |last2=Inagaki |year=2009 |first2=Y. |last3=Brate |first3=J. |last4=Archibald |first4=J. M. |last5=Keeling |first5=P. J. |last6=Cavalier-Smith |first6=T. |title=Large-Scale Phylogenomic Analyses Reveal That Two Enigmatic Protist Lineages, Telonemia and Centroheliozoa, Are Related to Photosynthetic Chromalveolates |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |volume=1 |pages=231–238 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evp022 |pmid=20333193 |pmc=2817417|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="CavalierSmith2009">{{Cite journal|last=Cavalier-Smith |first=Thomas |author-link=Thomas Cavalier-Smith |year=2009 |title=Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree |journal=Biology Letters|volume=6 |pages=342–345 |doi=10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948 |pmid=20031978 |pmc=2880060|issue=3}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rogozin |first=I. B. |last2=Basu |first2=M. K.|last3=Csürös |first3=M.|last4=Koonin|first4=E. V. |year=2009 |title=Analysis of Rare Genomic Changes Does Not Support the Unikont–Bikont Phylogeny and Suggests Cyanobacterial Symbiosis as the Point of Primary Radiation of Eukaryotes |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution|pmid=20333181 |volume=1|pmc=2817406|pages=99–113 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evp011 |lastauthoramp=yes }}</ref> Međutim, neke druge studije sugeriraju da je grupa [[parafilija|parafiletska]].<ref name="kim"/><ref>Baldauf, S.L., Roger, A.J., Wenk-Siefert, I., Doolittle, W.F. 2000. A kingdom-level phylogeny of eukaryotes based on combined protein data. Science 290: 972-977 (researchgate.net)</ref><ref>Lipscomb, Diana. 1991. Broad classification: the kingdoms and th protozoa. In: Parasitic Protozoa, Vol. 1, 2nd ed., J.P. Kreier, J.R. Baker (eds.), pp. 81-136. Academic Press, San Diego.</ref><ref name="Nozaki"/><ref name="kim"/> Do danas se situacija čini neriješenom, ali snažni signal za monofiletsku prošlost Plantae (Archaeplastida) pokazan je u nedavnoj studiji (s obogaćivanjem broja gena crvenih algi).<ref name="Chan CX 2011"/> Ovdje je pretpostavka da su Archaeplastida valjan kladus.
Grupi su data razna imena. Neki autori su je jednostavno nazvali biljke ili [[Plantae]].<ref name="7-or-9">{{cite journal |author=T. Cavalier-Smith |title=Eukaryote Kingdoms: Seven or Nine? |journal=BioSystems |year=1981 |volume=14 |pages=461–481 |doi=10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2 |pmid=7337818 |issue=3–4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first= Debashish |last= Bhattacharya |author2= Yoon, Hwan Su|author3= Hackett, Jeremiah |title= Photosynthetic eukaryotes unite: endosymbiosis connects the dots |journal= BioEssays |year= 2003 |volume= 26 |pages= 50–60 |doi= 10.1002/bies.10376 |pmid= 14696040 |issue= 1}}</ref> Međutim, ime Plantae je dvosmisleno, jer je primijenjeno i na manje uključive [[kladus]]e, poput [[Viridiplantae]] i [[Embriophyta]] . Veća grupa je ponekad poznata i kao Plantae ''sensu lato'' ("biljke u širem smislu").
Kako bi se izbjegla nejasnoće, predložena su i druga imena. Primoplantae, koje su se pojavile 2004. godine, izgleda da je prvo novo ime predloženo za ovu grupu.<ref name="palmer">{{cite journal |author1=Palmer, Jeffrey D. |author2=Soltis, Douglas E. |author3=Chase, Mark W. |title=The plant tree of life: an overview and some points of view |journal=American Journal of Botany |year=2004 |volume=91 |pages=1437–1445 |url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/full/91/10/1437 |doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1437 |issue=10 |pmid=21652302}}</ref> Drugo ime primijenjeno za ovaj čvor je Plastida, definirano kao kladus koji dijeli zajedničko svojstvo "plastida primarnog (direktnog prokariota) porijekla, u '' [[Magnolia virginiana]] Linnaeus 1753".<ref>{{cite journal |first= A. G. B. |last= Simpson |title= Highest-level taxa within Eukaryotes |journal= First International Phylogenetic Nomenclature Meeting. Paris, July 6–9 |year= 2004}}</ref>
 
Iako su mnoge studije sugerirale da Arheplastida formiraju [[monofilija| monofiletsku]] grupu,<ref name="pmid20952597">{{cite journal |author=Vinogradov S. N. |author2=Fernández, I. |author3=Hoogewijs, D. |author4=Arredondo-Peter, R. |title=Phylogenetic Relationships of 3/3 and 2/2 Hemoglobins in Archaeplastida Genomes to Bacterial and Other Eukaryote Hemoglobins |journal=Molecular Plant |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=42–58 |date=Octoberoktobar 2010 |pmid=20952597 |doi=10.1093/mp/ssq040 |url=http://mplant.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20952597 |access-date=8. 1. 2011-01-08 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209075522/http://mplant.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20952597 |archive-date=2012-9. 12-09. 2012 }}</ref>, rad iz 2009. tvrdi da su u stvari [[parafilija|parafiletske]].<ref name="Nozaki">{{cite journal |author=Nozaki, H. |author2=Maruyama, S.|author3= Matsuzaki, M.|author4= Nakada, T.|author5= Kato, S.|author6= Misawa, K. |title=Phylogenetic positions of Glaucophyta, green plants (Archaeplastida) and Haptophyta (Chromalveolata) as deduced from slowly evolving nuclear genes |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=872–80 |date=Decemberdecembar 2009 |pmid=19698794 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2009.08.015 }}</ref> Obogaćivanje analizom novih gena crvenih algi u nedavnoj studiji pokazuje snažan signal za monofiliju Plantae (Archaeplastida) i jednako jak signal povijesti dijeljenja gena između crvenih / zelenih algi i drugih linija.<ref name="Chan CX 2011">{{Cite journal |year=2011 |issue=4 |title=Red and green algal monophyly and extensive gene sharing found in a rich repertoire of red algal genes |journal=Current Biology |volume=21 |pages=328–333 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.037 |pmid=21315598 |author1=Chan, C. X. |author2=Yang, E. C. |author3=Banerjee, T. |author4=Yoon, H. S. |author5=Martone, P. T. |author6=Estevez, J. M. |author7=Bhattacharya, D. }}</ref> Ova studija pruža uvid u to koliko su bogati podaci o genima mezofilnih crvenih algi ključni za testiranje kontroverznih pitanja u evoluciji eukariota i za razumijevanje složenih obrazaca nasljeđivanja gena kod protista.
Naziv Archaeplastida predložila je, 2005. Godine, velika međunarodna grupa autora (Adl et al.) koja je imala za cilj stvoriti klasifikaciju za [[eukariot]]e, koja je uzela u obzir morfologiju, biohemiju i filogenetiku, i koja bi imala "određenu stabilnost u bliskom periodu". Oni su odbacili upotrebu formalnih taksonomskih redova u korist hijerarhijskog uređenja u kojem nazivi kladusa ne znače [[taksonomski rang]]. Stoga se naziv koljena „Glaucophyta“ i razreda „Rhodophyceae“, u njihovoj klasifikaciji, nalaze na istoj razini. Podjele predložene za arheplastide prikazane su u nastavku u tabelama i dijagramima.<ref name=Adl2005/>
 
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[[slika:Laurencia.jpg|thumb|250px| [[Rhodophyta]] '' [[Laurencia]] '']]
* [[Rhodophyta | Rhodophyceae]] <small> Thuret, 1855., emend Rabenhorst, 1863., emend. Adl '' i dr. '', 2005. </small> (Rhodophyta <small> Wettstein 1901 </small>) – crvene alge
:: Crvene alge čine jednu od najvećih grupa algi. Većina su višećelijske i morske. Njihova crvena boja dolazi od [[fikobiliprotein]]a, koji se koristi kao [[dodatak pigmentu]] pri prijemu svjetlosti za fotosintezu.
* [[Viridiplantae|Chloroplastida]] <small>Adl ''et al.'', 2005</small> (Viridiplantae <small>Cavalier-Smith 1981</small>; Chlorobionta <small>Jeffrey 1982, emend. Bremer 1985, emend. Lewis and McCourt 2004</small>; Chlorobiota <small>Kendrick and Crane 1997</small>)
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=== Kladogram ===
Ispod je konsenzusna rekonstrukcija odnosa zelenih algi, koja se uglavnom temelji na molekulskim podacima.<ref name="Leliaert20122">{{cite journal|last1=Leliaert|first1=Frederik|last2=Smith|first2=David R.|last3=Moreau|first3=Hervé|last4=Herron|first4=Matthew D.|last5=Verbruggen|first5=Heroen|last6=Delwiche|first6=Charles F.|last7=De Clerck|first7=Olivier|year=2012|title=Phylogeny and Molecular Evolution of the Green Algae|url=http://images.algaebase.org/pdf/5628E58F0ecc431F0CsJm2B04CAD/49951.pdf|journal=Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences|volume=31|pages=1–46|doi=10.1080/07352689.2011.615705}}</ref><ref name="Marin20122">{{cite journal|last1=Marin|first1=Birger|year=2012|title=Nested in the Chlorellales or Independent Class? Phylogeny and Classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) Revealed by Molecular Phylogenetic Analyses of Complete Nuclear and Plastid-encoded rRNA Operons|journal=Protist|volume=163|issue=5|pages=778–805|doi=10.1016/j.protis.2011.11.004|pmid=22192529}}</ref><ref name="Laurin-LemayBrinkmann20122">{{cite journal|last1=Laurin-Lemay|first1=Simon|last2=Brinkmann|first2=Henner|last3=Philippe|first3=Hervé|year=2012|title=Origin of land plants revisited in the light of sequence contamination and missing data|journal=Current Biology|volume=22|issue=15|pages=R593–R594|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.013|pmid=22877776}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leliaert|first=Frederik|last2=Tronholm|first2=Ana|last3=Lemieux|first3=Claude|last4=Turmel|first4=Monique|last5=DePriest|first5=Michael S.|last6=Bhattacharya|first6=Debashish|last7=Karol|first7=Kenneth G.|last8=Fredericq|first8=Suzanne|last9=Zechman|first9=Frederick W.|date=9. 5. 2016-05-09|title=Chloroplast phylogenomic analyses reveal the deepest-branching lineage of the Chlorophyta, Palmophyllophyceae class. nov|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=6|pages=25367|doi=10.1038/srep25367|issn=2045-2322|pmc=4860620|pmid=27157793|bibcode=2016NatSR...625367L}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Handbook of the Protists|last=Cook|first=Martha E.|last2=Graham|first2=Linda E.|date=2017|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=9783319281476|editor-last=Archibald|editor-first=John M.|pages=185–204|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-28149-0_36|editor-last2=Simpson|editor-first2=Alastair G. B.|editor-last3=Slamovits|editor-first3=Claudio H.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Louise A.|author2=Richard M. McCourt|year=2004|title=Green algae and the origin of land plants|url=http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/10/1535|format=abstract|journal=[[American Journal of Botany]]|volume=91|issue=10|pages=1535–1556|doi=10.3732/ajb.91.10.1535|pmid=21652308}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Ruhfel|first=Brad R.|last2=Gitzendanner|first2=Matthew A.|last3=Soltis|first3=Pamela S.|last4=Soltis|first4=Douglas E.|last5=Burleigh|first5=J. Gordon|date=2014-02-17. 2. 2014|title=From algae to angiosperms–inferring the phylogeny of green plants (Viridiplantae) from 360 plastid genomes|journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology|volume=14|pages=23|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-14-23|pmid=24533922|pmc=3933183|issn=1471-2148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adl|first=Sina M.|last2=Simpson|first2=Alastair G. 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{{Clade|{{clade
Red 89:
|sublabel1=<small> (+ [[Gloeomargarita lithophora]]) </small>
|1={{clade
 
 
Line 150 ⟶ 149:
 
}}}}}}|style=font-size:80%; line-height:80%|label1=[[Diaphoretickes]]}}
Međutim, oko korijena Archaeplastida postoji dosta svađa, naprimjer, da li su glaukofite ili rodofite bazne ili su se npr. Cryptista se pojavila unutar arheplastida. Godine 2014. objavljen je temeljit pregled ovih nedosljednosti.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mackiewicz|first=Paweł|last2=Gagat|first2=Przemysław|date=2014-12-31. 12. 2014|title=Monophyly of Archaeplastida supergroup and relationships among its lineages in the light of phylogenetic and phylogenomic studies. Are we close to a consensus?|journal=Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae|language=en|volume=83|issue=4|pages=263–280|doi=10.5586/asbp.2014.044|issn=2083-9480}}</ref> Položaji [[Telonemia]] i [[Picozoa]] nisu jasni. Također i Hacrobia (Haptista + Cryptista) mogu biti kompletbo povezane sa kladusom SAR. Sar se često vidi kao hibridi eukariot-eukariot, doprinoseći zbrci u genetičkim analizama. Sestrinska [[Gloeomargarita lithophora]] vezana je sa predačkim Archaeplastida, što je dovelo do [[plastid]]a koji žive u trajnoj endosimbiozi u većini potomačkih taksona. Budući da i Gloeomargarita i srodne cijanobakterije, pored najprimitivnijih arheplastidnih vrsta, sve žive u slatkoj vodi, čini se da su preci Archaeplastida nastali u slatkoj vodi, a okeane kolonizirali samo u kasnom [[proterozoik]]u.<ref>{{cite journal|url = https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982216314531|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.006 | volume=27 | title=Endosymbiosis: Did Plastids Evolve from a Freshwater Cyanobacterium?|year=2017|journal=Current Biology|pages=R103–R105 | last1 = de Vries | first1 = Jan | last2 = Archibald | first2 = John M.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |pmc = 5604047|year = 2017|last1 = Lewis|first1 = L. A.|title = Hold the salt: Freshwater origin of primary plastids|journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume = 114|issue = 37|pages = 9759–9760|pmid = 28860199|doi = 10.1073/pnas.1712956114}}</ref>
 
==Također pogledajte==
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{{botanika}}
 
[[Kategorija:Arheplastida | ]]▼
[[Kategorija: Bikonta]]▼
[Kategorija:Biljke]]
 
▲[[Kategorija:Arheplastida | ]]
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[[Kategorija:Taksonomija]]
Preuzeto iz "https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeplastida"