Razlika između verzija stranice "Sumer"

'''Sumer''' (na [[sumerski jezik|sumerskom]] ''ki-en-gir'') najstarija je poznata [[civilizacija]] u historijskom regionu južne [[Mezopotamija|Mezopotamije]], današnjeg južnog [[Irak|Iraka]], tokom [[Bakarno doba|bakarnog doba]] i [[Bronzano doba|ranog bronzanog]] doba, i vjerovatno prva civilizacija na svijetu, zajedno s [[Stari Egipat|drevnim Egiptom]] i civilizacijom doline Inda. Živeći u dolinama [[Tigris|Tigrisa]] i [[Eufrat|Eufrata]] sumerski poljoprivrednici su mogli uzgajati u izobilju žitarice i druge usjeve, a višak im je omogućio da se nasele na jednom mjestu. U Sumeru se pojavilo i prvo [[Proto-pisanje|proto pisanje]] u [[Prahistorija|prahistoriji]] koje se pojavilo u 3000. p. n. e. Najraniji tekstovi datiraju iz gradova [[Uruk]] i JemdatJemdet Nasr koji datiraju oko 3300. godine p. n. e; rano pisanje [[Klinasto pismo|klinastim slovom]] pojavilo se oko 3000. p. n e.

Moderni historičari smatraju da se Sumer izvorno trajno nastanio između c. 5500 i 4000 p. n. e. narodima [[Jugozapadna Azija|zapadne Azije]] koji su govorili sumerskim jezikom koji su aglutinativni [[jezični izolat]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oi.uchicago.edu/OI/MUS/ED/TRC/MESO/writing.html|title=Ancient Mesopotamia. Teaching materials|publisher=Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP, The Digital Library|accessdate=5. 3. 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ubai/hd_ubai.htm "The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)" In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2003)]</ref><ref>[https://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/articles/u/ubaid_culture.aspx "Ubaid Culture", The British Museum]</ref><ref>[http://oi.uchicago.edu/pdf/saoc63.pdf "Beyond the Ubaid", (Carter, Rober A. and Graham, Philip, eds.), University of Durham, April 2006]</ref> Ti pretpostavljeni prapovijesni ljudi danas se nazivaju "Ubaidi" <ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573176/Sumer|title=Sumer (ancient region, Iraq)|website=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|publisher=Britannica.com|accessdate=29. 3. 2012}}</ref> a smatra se da su nastali iz samarske kulture svejernesjeverne Mezopotamije.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kleniewski|first=Nancy|last2=Thomas|first2=Alexander R|date=26. 3. 2010|title=Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dWuQ70MtnIQC&pg=PA51&dq=samarra+culture#v=snippet&q=%22As%20the%20Samarra%20culture%20spread%20south%2C%20it%20evolved%20into%20the%20Ubaid%20culture%22&f=false|isbn=978-0-495-81222-7}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maisels|first=Charles Keith|year=1993|title=The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization"|url=https://books.google.com/?id=tupSM5y9yEkC&pg=PA139&dq=samarra+culture#v=onepage&q=%22cultural%20descendants%20of%20the%20originating%20Samarran%20culture%22&f=false|isbn=978-0-415-04742-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maisels|first=Charles Keith|year=2001|title=Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China|url=https://books.google.com/?id=i7_hcCxJd9AC&pg=PA147&dq=ubaid+samarra#v=snippet&q=%22Ubaid%200%20is%20thus%20clearly%20derived%20from%20the%20earliest%20culture%20to%20move%20into%20lower%20mesopotamia%2C%20the%20Samarra%22&f=false|isbn=978-0-415-10976-5}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shaw|first=Ian|last2=Jameson|first2=Robert|year=2002|title=A dictionary of archaeology|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&pg=PA505&dq=samarra+culture#v=onepage&q=%22similar%20to%20those%20of%20the%20ubaid%20period%22&f=false|isbn=978-0-631-23583-5}}</ref> Moderni naučnici vjeruju da su Ubaidijci (iako ih Sumerani nikad ne spominju) bili prva civilizacijska sila u Sumeru koja je isušila močvare za poljoprivredu, razvila trgovinu i uspostavljala zanate, uključujući tkanje, obradu kože, obradu metala, zidanje i izradu keramičkih pločica.