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Na cestama sa više traka, za saobraćaj koji skreće generalno se očekuje da se pokreće na traci najbliže smjeru u kojem vozač želi skrenuti. Naprimjer, saobračaj koji teži skrenuti desno će se obično pomjerati na najdesniju traku prije raskrsnice. Analogno, saobraćaj koji skreće lijevo će se pomjeriti na najljevlju traku. Izuzeci za ovo pravilo mogu postojati gdje naprimjer saobraćajne vlasti odluče da će dvije najdesnije trake skretati desno, u kojem slučaju vozači mogu uzeti bilo koju od njih da skrenu. U određenim dijelovima svijeta saobraćaj će se adaptirati neformalnim obrascima koji se nameću prirodno radije nego silom vlasti; naprimjer, uobičajeno je za vozače da promatraju (i vjeruju im) skrečućim signalima koje koriste ostali vozači u cilju skretanja sa ostalih traka. Naprimjer, ako nekoliko vozila na desnoj traci svi skreću desno, vozilo može doći sa trake blizu desnoj i skrenuti desno također, radeći to u paraleli sa ostalim vozilima koja skreću desno.
== Reference ==
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{{refspisak}}
====Intersections====
{{main|Intersection (road)}}
[[File:Intersection 4way overview.jpg|thumb|left|This intersection in [[San Jose, California]] has crosswalks, left-turn lanes, and [[traffic light]]s.]]
[[File:NonUK Roundabout 8 Cars.gif|thumb|A diagram of movement within a [[roundabout]] in a country where traffic drives on the right. A roundabout is a type of [[road junction]], or [[traffic calming]] device, at which traffic streams circularly around a central island after first yielding to the circulating traffic. Unlike with traffic circles, vehicles on a roundabout have priority over the entering vehicle, [[parking]] is not allowed and pedestrians are usually prohibited from the central island.]]
[[File:Street Intersection diagram.PNG|thumb|left|Diagram of an example [[Intersection (road)|intersection]] of two-way streets as seen from above (traffic flows on the right side of the road). The East-West street has left turn lanes from both directions, but the North-South street does not have left turn lanes at this intersection. The East-West street traffic lights also have green left turn arrows to show when unhindered left turns can be made. Some possible markings for crosswalks are shown as examples.]]
In most of [[Continental Europe]], the default rule is to give [[priority to the right]], but this may be overridden by signs or road markings, and does not apply at T-shaped junctions in some of these countries, such as France. There, priority was initially given according to the social rank of each traveler, but early in the life of the automobile this rule was deemed impractical and replaced with the ''priorité à droite'' (priority to the right) rule, which still applies. At a [[traffic circle]] where ''priorité à droite'' is not overridden, traffic on what would otherwise be a [[roundabout]] gives way to traffic entering the circle. Most French roundabouts now have give-way signs for traffic entering the circle, but there remain some notable exceptions that operate on the old rule, such as the [[Place de l'Étoile]] around the [[Arc de Triomphe]]. Priority to the right where used in continental Europe may be overridden by an ascending hierarchy of markings, signs, signals, and authorized persons.
In the United Kingdom, priority is generally indicated by signs or markings, so that almost all junctions between public roads (except those governed by traffic signals) have a concept of a major road and minor road. The default give-way-to-the-right rule used in Continental Europe causes problems for many British and Irish drivers who are accustomed to having right of way by default unless otherwise indicated. A very small proportion of low-traffic junctions are unmarked - typically on [[housing estate]]s or in rural areas. Here the rule is to "proceed with great care"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/using-the-road-159-to-203/road-junctions-170-to-183 |title=The Highway Code - Rule 176 |author= |date= |work= |publisher= |accessdate=7 November 2012}}</ref> i.e. slow the vehicle and check for traffic on the intersecting road.
Other countries use various methods similar to the above examples to establish the right of way at intersections. For example, in most of the United States, the default priority is to yield to traffic from the right, but this is usually overridden by traffic control devices or other rules, like the [[boulevard rule]]. This rule holds that traffic entering a major road from a smaller road or alley must yield to the traffic of the busier road, but signs are often still posted. The boulevard rule can be compared with the above concept of a major and minor road, or the priority roads that may be found in countries that are parties to the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals.
'''Perpendicular intersections'''
Also known as a "four-way" intersection, this intersection is the most common configuration for roads that cross each other, and the most basic type.
If [[traffic signal]]s do not control a 4-way intersection, signs or other features are typically used to control movements and make clear priorities. The most common arrangement is to indicate that one road has priority over the other, but there are complex cases where all traffic approaching an intersection must yield and may be required to stop.
In the United States, South Africa, and Canada, there are four-way intersections with a [[stop sign]] at every entrance, called four-way stops. A failed signal or a flashing red light is equivalent to a four-way stop, or an [[all-way stop]]. Special rules for four-way stops may include:
#In the countries that use four-way stops, pedestrians always have priority at crosswalks – even at unmarked ones, which exist as the logical continuations of the sidewalks at every intersection with approximately right angles – unless signed or painted otherwise.
#Whichever vehicle first stops at the stop line – or before the crosswalk, if there is no stop line – has priority.
#If two vehicles stop at the same time, priority is given to the vehicle on the right.
#If three vehicles stop at the same time, priority is given to the two vehicles going in opposite directions, if possible. {{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}
#If four vehicles stop, drivers usually use gestures and other communication to establish right-of-way. {{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}
In Europe and other places, there are similar intersections. These may be marked by special signs (according to the [[Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals]]), a danger sign with a black X representing a crossroads. This sign informs drivers that the intersection is uncontrolled and that default rules apply. In Europe and in many areas of North America the default rules that apply at uncontrolled four-way intersections are almost identical:
#Rules for pedestrians differ by country, in the United States and Canada pedestrians generally have priority at such an intersection.
#All vehicles must give priority to any traffic approaching from their right,
#Then, if the vehicle is turning right or continuing on the same road it may proceed.
#Vehicles turning left must also give priority to traffic approaching from the opposite direction, unless that traffic is also turning left.
#If the intersection is congested, vehicles must alternate directions and/or circulate priority to the right one vehicle at a time. {{Citation needed|date=December 2013}}
====Pedestrian crossings====
{{main|Pedestrian crossing}}
Pedestrians must often cross from one side of a road to the other, and in doing so may come into the way of vehicles traveling on the road. In many places pedestrians are entirely left to look after themselves, that is, they must observe the road and cross when they can see that no traffic will threaten them. Busier cities usually provide [[pedestrian crossings]], which are strips of the road where pedestrians are expected to cross.
The actual appearance of pedestrian crossings varies greatly, but the two most common appearances are: (1) a series of parallel white stripes or (2) two long horizontal white lines. The former is usually preferred, as it stands out more conspicuously against the dark pavement.
Some pedestrian crossings also accompany a [[traffic signal]] which will make vehicles stop at regular intervals so the pedestrians can cross. Some countries have "intelligent" pedestrian signals, where the pedestrian must push a button in order to assert his intention to cross. The traffic signal will use that information to schedule itself, that is, when no pedestrians are present the signal will never pointlessly cause vehicle traffic to stop. In some countries, approaching traffic is monitored by radar or by electromagnetic sensors buried in the road surface, and the pedestrian crossing lights are set to red if a speed infringement is detected. This has the effect of enforcing the local speed limit without the necessity of issuing speeding citations, etc. See Speed Limits below.
Pedestrian crossings without traffic signals are also common. In this case, the traffic laws usually states that the pedestrian has the right of way when crossing, and that vehicles must stop when a pedestrian uses the crossing. Countries and driving cultures vary greatly as to the extent to which this is respected. In the state of Nevada the car has the right of way when the crosswalk signal specifically forbids pedestrian crossing.
Some jurisdictions forbid crossing or using the road anywhere other than at crossings, termed ''[[jaywalking]]''. In other areas, pedestrians may have the right to cross where they choose, and have right of way over vehicular traffic while crossing.
In most areas, an intersection is considered to have a crosswalk, even if not painted, as long as the roads meet at approximate right angles. Examples of locations where this rule is not in effect are the United Kingdom and [[Croatia]].
Pedestrian crossings may also be located away from intersections.
===Level crossings===
{{main|Level crossing}}
[[File:NC train through Elon.jpg|thumb|240px|An example of a typical rail crossing in the United States.]]
A level crossing is an at-grade intersection of a railway by a road. Because of safety issues, they are often equipped with [[boom barrier|closable gates]], crossing bells and warning signs.
===Speed limits===
{{main|Speed limit}}
The higher the speed of a vehicle, the more difficult collision avoidance becomes and the greater the damage if a collision does occur. Therefore, many countries of the world [[speed limit|limit the maximum speed allowed]] on their roads. Vehicles are not supposed to be driven at speeds which are higher than the posted maximum.
To enforce speed limits, two approaches are generally employed. In the United States, it is common for the police to patrol the streets and use special equipment (typically a [[radar]] unit) to measure the speed of vehicles, and pull over any vehicle found to be in violation of the speed limit. In [[Brazil]], Colombia and some European countries, there are computerized speed-measuring devices spread throughout the city, which will automatically detect speeding drivers and take a photograph of the license plate (or number plate), which is later used for applying and mailing the ticket. Many jurisdictions in the U.S. use this technology as well.
A mechanism that was developed in Germany is the [[Grüne Welle]], or ''[[green wave]]'', which is an indicator that shows the optimal speed to travel for the synchronized green lights along that corridor. Driving faster or slower than the speed set by the behavior of the lights causes the driver to encounter many red lights. This discourages drivers from speeding or impeding the flow of traffic. See related [[traffic wave]] and Pedestrian Crossings, above.
===Overtaking===
{{main|Overtaking}}
''Overtaking'' (or ''passing'') refers to a maneuver by which one or more vehicles traveling in the same direction are passed by another vehicle. On two-lane roads, when there is a split line or a dashed line on the side of the overtaker, drivers may overtake when it is safe. On multi-lane roads in most jurisdictions, overtaking is permitted in the "slower" lanes, though many require a special circumstance. See "Lanes" below.
In the United Kingdom and Canada, notably on extra-urban roads, a solid white or yellow line closer to the driver is used to indicate that no overtaking is allowed in that lane. A double white or yellow line means that neither side may overtake.
In the United States, a solid white line means that lane changes are discouraged and a double white line means that the lane change is prohibited.
====Lanes====
[[File:Changing lanes in Gothenburg ubt.ogv|thumb|300px|right|Changing lanes on an 8-lane road in [[Gothenburg]], Sweden]]
When a street is wide enough to accommodate several vehicles traveling side-by-side, it is usual for traffic to organize itself into ''lanes'', that is, [[parallel (geometry)|parallel]] corridors of traffic. Some roads have one lane for each direction of travel and others have multiple lanes for each direction. Most countries apply pavement markings to clearly indicate the limits of each lane and the direction of travel that it must be used for. In other countries lanes have no markings at all and drivers follow them mostly by [[Intuition (knowledge)|intuition]] rather than visual stimulus.
On roads that have multiple lanes going in the same direction, drivers may usually shift amongst lanes as they please, but they must do so in a way that does not cause inconvenience to other drivers. Driving cultures vary greatly on the issue of "lane ownership": in some countries, drivers traveling in a lane will be very protective of their right to travel in it while in others drivers will routinely expect other drivers to shift back and forth.
'''Designation and overtaking'''
The usual designation for lanes on [[divided highway]]s is the fastest lane is the one closest to the center of the road, and the slowest to the edge of the road. Drivers are usually expected to keep in the slowest lane unless [[overtaking]], though with more traffic congestion all lanes are often used.
When [[right- and left-hand traffic#Left-hand traffic|driving on the left]]:
*The lane designated for faster traffic is on the right.
*The lane designated for slower traffic is on the left.
*Most freeway exits are on the left.
*Overtaking is permitted to the right, and sometimes to the left.
When [[right- and left-hand traffic#Right-hand traffic|driving on the right]]:
*The lane designated for faster traffic is on the left.
*The lane designated for slower traffic is on the right.
*Most freeway exits are on the right.
*Overtaking is permitted to the left, and sometimes to the right.
Countries party to the [[Vienna Convention on Road Traffic]] have uniform rules about overtaking and lane designation. The convention details (amongst other things) that "Every driver shall keep to the edge of the carriageway appropriate to the direction of traffic", and the "Drivers overtaking shall do so on the side opposite to that appropriate to the direction of traffic", notwithstanding the presence or absence of oncoming traffic. Allowed exceptions to these rules include turning or heavy traffic, traffic in lines, or situation in which signs or markings must dictate otherwise. These rules must be more strictly adhered to on roads with oncoming traffic, but still apply on multi-lane and divided highways. Many countries in Europe are party to the Vienna Conventions on traffic and roads. In Australia (which is not a contracting party), traveling in any lane other than the "slow" lane on a road with a speed limit at or above {{convert|80|km/h|abbr=on}} is an offence, unless signage is posted to the contrary or the driver is overtaking.
Many areas in North America do not have any laws about staying to the slowest lanes unless overtaking. In those areas, unlike many parts of Europe, traffic is allowed to overtake on any side, even in a slower lane. This practice is known as "passing on the right" in the United States (where it is common{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}}) and "overtaking on the inside" and "undertaking" in the United Kingdom.
When referring to individual lanes on dual carriageways, one does not consider traffic travelling the opposite direction. The inside lane (i.e. the one beside the hard shoulder) refers to the lane used for normal travel, while the middle lane is used for overtaking cars on the inside lane. The outside lane (i.e. closest to oncoming traffic) is used for overtaking vehicles in the middle lane. The same principle lies with dual carriageways with more than three lanes.
'''U.S.-state-specific practices'''
In some US states (such as [[Louisiana]], [[Massachusetts]] and New York), although there are laws requiring all traffic on a public way to use the right-most lane unless overtaking, this rule is often ignored and seldom enforced on multi-lane roadways. Some states, such as [[Colorado]], use a combination of laws and signs restricting speeds or vehicles on certain lanes to emphasize overtaking only on the left lane, and to avoid a psychological condition commonly called [[road rage]].
In California, cars may use any lane on multi-lane roadways. Drivers moving slower than the general flow of traffic are required to stay in the right-most lanes (by [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate?WAISdocID=17177814200+0+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve California Vehicle Code (CVC) 21654]) to keep the way clear for faster vehicles and thus speed up traffic. However, faster drivers may legally pass in the slower lanes if conditions allow (by [http://www.leginfo.ca.gov/cgi-bin/waisgate?WAISdocID=17184214310+0+0+0&WAISaction=retrieve CVC 21754]). But the CVC also requires trucks to stay in the right lane, or in the right two lanes if the roadway has four or more lanes going in their direction. The oldest freeways in California, and some freeway interchanges, often have ramps on the left, making signs like "TRUCKS OK ON LEFT LANE" or "TRUCKS MAY USE ALL LANES" necessary to override the default rule. [[Lane splitting]], or riding motorcycles in the space between cars in traffic, is permitted as long as it is done in a safe and prudent manner.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.whybike.com/motorcycle274.htm | last=WhyBike? | title=All the info you need on lanesharing (lanesplitting) | date=6 March 2006}}</ref>
===One-way roadways===
:''Main articles: [[One-way traffic]] and [[Dual carriageway]]''
In order to increase traffic capacity and safety, a route may have two or more separate roads for each direction of traffic. Alternatively, a given road might be declared ''one-way''.
====High-speed roads====
:''Main articles: [[Limited-access road]] and [[Controlled-access highway]]''
In large cities, moving from one part of the city to another by means of ordinary streets and avenues can be time-consuming since traffic is often slowed by [[Grade separation#Roads|at-grade junctions]], tight turns, narrow marked lanes and lack of a minimum [[speed limit]]. Therefore, it has become common practice for larger cities to build roads for faster [[through traffic]]. There are two different types of roads used to provide high-speed access across urban areas:
*The [[controlled-access highway]] (''freeway'' or ''motorway''), is a divided multi-lane highway with fully controlled access and grade-separated intersections (no cross traffic). Some freeways are called ''[[Controlled-access highway|expressways]]'', ''super-highways'', or ''[[turnpike (disambiguation)|turnpike]]s'', depending on local usage. Access to freeways is fully controlled; entering and leaving the freeway is permitted only at grade-separated interchanges.
*The [[limited-access road]] (often called ''expressway'' in areas where the name does not refer to a freeway or motorway) is a lower-grade type of road with some or many of the characteristics of a controlled-access highway: usually a broad multi-lane avenue, frequently divided, with some [[grade separation]] at intersections.
[[Motor vehicle]] [[driving|drivers]] wishing to travel over great distances within the city will usually take the freeways or expressways in order to minimize travel time. When a crossing road is at the same [[Grade separation|grade]] as the freeway, a bridge (or, less often, an [[underpass]]) will be built for the crossing road. If the freeway is elevated, the crossing road will pass underneath it.
Minimum speed signs are sometimes posted (although increasingly rare) and usually indicate that any vehicle traveling slower than {{convert|40|mph|abbr=on}} should indicate a slower speed of travel to other motor vehicles by engaging the vehicle's four-way flashing lights. Alternative slower-than-posted speeds may be in effect, based on the posted speed limit of the highway/freeway.
Systems of freeways and expressways are also built to connect distant and regional cities, notable systems include the [[Interstate highways]], the [[German Autobahn|Autobahnen]] and the [[Expressways of China|Expressway Network of the People's Republic of China]].
====One-way streets====
In more sophisticated systems such as large cities, this concept is further extended: some streets are marked as being ''one-way'', and on those streets all traffic must flow in only one direction, but pedestrians on the sidewalks are generally not limited to one-way movement. A driver wishing to reach a destination he already passed must use other streets in order to return. Usage of one-way streets, despite the inconveniences it can bring to individual drivers, can greatly improve traffic flow since they usually allow traffic to move faster and tend to simplify intersections.
==Congested traffic==
[[File:Peak hour traffic in melbourne.jpg|thumb|250px|Traffic slows to a crawl on the [[Monash Freeway]] in [[Melbourne]], Australia through [[peak hour]] traffic.]]
{{main|Traffic congestion}}
In some places traffic volume is consistently, extremely large, either during periods of time referred to as ''rush hour'' or perpetually. Exceptionally, traffic upstream of a vehicular collision or an obstruction, such as [[road works|construction]], may also be constrained, resulting in a [[traffic jam]]. Such dynamics in relation to [[traffic congestion]] is known as [[traffic flow]]. [[Traffic engineering (transportation)|Traffic engineers]] sometimes gauge the quality of traffic flow in terms of [[level of service]].
In measured traffic data, [[Traffic congestion: Reconstruction with Kerner’s three-phase theory|common spatiotemporal empirical features of traffic congestion]] have been found that are qualitatively the same for different highways in different countries. Some of these common features distinguish the wide moving jam and synchronized flow phases of congested traffic in [[Boris Kerner|Kerner’s]] [[three-phase traffic theory]].
===Rush hour===
{{main|Rush hour}}
During business days in most major cities, [[traffic congestion]] reaches great intensity at predictable times of the day due to the large number of vehicles using the road at the same time. This phenomenon is called ''[[rush hour]]'' or ''peak hour'', although the period of high traffic intensity often exceeds one hour.
==Congestion mitigation==
{{main|Traffic congestion}}
===Rush hour policies===
Some cities adopt policies to reduce rush-hour traffic and pollution and encourage the use of public transportation. For example, in [[São Paulo]], [[Manila]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2008}} and in [[Mexico City]], each vehicle has a specific day of the week in which it is forbidden from traveling the roads during rush hour. The day for each vehicle is taken from the license plate number, and this rule is enforced by traffic police and also by hundreds of strategically positioned traffic cameras backed by computerized image-recognition systems that issue tickets to offending drivers.
In the United States and Canada, several expressways have a special lane (called an "HOV Lane" – [[High Occupancy Vehicle Lane]]) that can only be used by cars carrying two (some locations-three) or more people. Also, many major cities have instituted strict parking prohibitions during rush hour on major arterial streets leading to and from the central business district. During designated weekday hours, vehicles parked on these primary routes are subject to prompt ticketing and towing at owner expense. The purpose of these restrictions is to make available an additional traffic lane in order to maximize available traffic capacity. Additionally, several cities offer a public telephone service where citizens can arrange rides with others depending on where they live and work. The purpose of these policies is to reduce the number of vehicles on the roads and thus reduce rush-hour traffic intensity.
Metered freeways are also a solution for controlling rush hour traffic. In Phoenix, Arizona and Seattle, Washington, among other places, metered on-ramps have been implemented. During rush hour, traffic signals are used with green lights to allow one car per blink of the light to proceed on to the freeway.
===Pre-emption===
In some areas, [[emergency service|emergency responders]] are provided with specialized equipment, such as a [[Mobile Infrared Transmitter]], which allows emergency response vehicles, particularly [[Fire apparatus|fire-fighting apparatus]], to have high-priority travel by having the lights along their route change to green. The technology behind these methods has evolved, from panels at the fire department (which could trigger and control green lights for certain major corridors) to optical systems (which the individual fire apparatus can be equipped with to communicate directly with receivers on the signal head). In other areas, public transport [[bus]]es have special equipment to get green lights.
During emergencies where evacuation of a heavily populated area is required, local authorities may institute [[contraflow lane reversal]], in which all lanes of a road lead away from a danger zone regardless of their original flow. Aside from emergencies, contraflow may also be used to ease traffic congestion during rush hour or at the end of a sports event (where a large number of cars are leaving the venue at the same time). For example, the six lanes of the [[Lincoln Tunnel]] can be changed from three inbound and three outbound to a two/four configuration depending on traffic volume. The Brazilian highways [[Rodovia dos Imigrantes]] and [[Rodovia Anchieta]] connect [[São Paulo]] to the [[Atlantic]] coast. Almost all lanes of both highways are usually reversed during weekends to allow for heavy seaside traffic. The reversibility of the highways requires many additional highway ramps and complicated [[interchange (road)|interchanges]].
===Intelligent transportation systems===
An [[intelligent transportation system]] (ITS) is a system of hardware, software, and operators that allow better monitoring and control of traffic in order to optimize traffic flow. As the number of vehicle lane miles traveled per year continues to increase dramatically, and as the number of vehicle lane miles constructed per year has not been keeping pace, this has led to ever-increasing [[traffic congestion]]. As a cost-effective solution toward optimizing traffic, ITS presents a number of technologies to reduce congestion by monitoring traffic flows through the use of sensors and live cameras or analysing cellular phone data travelling in cars ([[floating car data]]) and in turn rerouting traffic as needed through the use of variable message boards (VMS), highway advisory radio, on board or off board navigation devices and other systems through [[integration of traffic data with navigation systems]]. Additionally, the roadway network has been increasingly fitted with additional communications and control infrastructure to allow traffic operations personnel to monitor weather conditions, for dispatching maintenance crews to perform snow or ice removal, as well as intelligent systems such as automated bridge de-icing systems which help to prevent accidents.'''
==See also==
{{commons category|Transport}}
*[[Air traffic control]]
*[[Bicycle safety]]
*[[Cross-sea traffic ways]]
*[[Induced demand]]
*[[Institute of Transportation Engineers]]
*[[International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea]]
*''[[Journal of Transport and Land Use]]''
*[[Kerner’s breakdown minimization principle]]
*[[Last clear chance]]
*[[Line source]]
*[[Road safety]]
*[[Road traffic control device]]
*[[Road traffic safety]]
*[[Road transport]]
*[[Australian Road Rules|Rules of the road in Australia]]
*[[NZ Road Code|Rules of the road in New Zealand]]
*[[Rules of the road in China]]
*[[Three-phase traffic theory]]
*[[Traffic congestion: Reconstruction with Kerner’s three-phase theory]]
*[[:Category:Traffic law|Traffic law]]
*[[Traffic light]]
*[[Traffic psychology]]
*[[Trafficability]]
*[[Transportation forecasting]]
*[[Web traffic]]
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==Reference==
{{reflist}}
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==External links==
*[http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road/policy/index_en.htm Road Transport in the European Union]
*'''IRTE''' ([http://www.soe.org.uk Institute of Road Transport Engineers])
* [http://www.greenroads.us/ The Greenroads Rating System]
* [http://suguh.com/buy-website-traffic/ Website Traffic]
* [http://transportreview.co.uk/road/road-traffic-map Interactive Map of Traffic for every major UK Road]
* [http://www.scats.com.au/product_traffic_managment.html SCATS Traffic Management Theory]
* [http://fbtrafficengine.co FB Traffic Engine]
* [http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au Roads and Traffic Authority, NSW]
* [http://www.scats.com.au SCATS Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System]
==Further reading==
* May, Adolf. ''Traffic Flow Fundamentals''. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1990.
* ''[http://www.azite.org/pdf/GuidanceDesignSafety.pdf 2010 Highway Capacity Manual]''. Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C., ISBN 0-309-06681-6
* Taylor, Nicholas. ''[http://www.contram.com/download/NETS_CONTRAM_DTA.pdf The Contram dynamic traffic assignment model]'' [[Transport Research Laboratory|TRL]] 2003
* [http://www.springer.com/physics/complexity/book/978-3-540-20716-0 B.S. Kerner, ''The Physics of Traffic'', Springer, Berlin, New York 2004]
* [http://www.springer.com/engineering/mechanical+eng/book/978-3-642-02604-1 B.S. Kerner, ''Introduction to Modern Traffic Flow Theory and Control: The Long Road to Three-Phase Traffic Theory'', Springer, Berlin, New York 2009]
* [http://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo41653 Traffic Monitoring: A Guidebook] [[Federal Highway Administration]]
* [[Tom Vanderbilt|Vanderbilt, Tom]]. ''Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do (and What It Says About Us)''. Knopf, New York, 2008.
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{{Tehnologija}}
{{Commonscat|Transport}}
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