Razlika između verzija stranice "Germanij"
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==Zastupljenost==
Germanij nastaje u procesu zvjezdane [[nukleosinteza|nukleosinteze]], uglavnom u s-procesu u zvijezdama iz asimptotske grane [[crveni div|crvenih divova]]. S-proces je sporo hvatanje [[neutron]]a lakših elemenata unutar pulsirajućih zvijezda crvenih divova.<ref name="sterling" /> Germanij je otkriven i u atmosferi Jupitera<ref name="jupiter2" /> i u nekim vrlo udaljenim zvijezdama.<ref name="nature423" /> Njegova rasprostranjenost u [[Zemljina kora|Zemljinoj kori]] je približno 1,6 dijelova na milion (ppm; 1,6×10<sup>-4</sup>%).<ref name="Holl" /> Poznato je samo nekoliko minerala koji sadrže nešto značajnije količine germanija, kao što su [[argirodit]], [[briartit]], [[germanit]] i [[renierit]], međutim ne postoje isplativi rudni depoziti bilo koji od njih.<ref name="usgs" /><ref name="lifton" /> Postoje rude cink-bakar-olova koje sadrže dovoljno germanija da se on može izdvajati iz njihovog finalno obrađenog rudnog koncentrata.<ref name="Holl" /> [[Victor Moritz Goldschmidt]] je tokom detaljnog ispitivanja depozita germanija otkrio neuobičajeni proces obogaćivanja nekih slojeva [[ugalj|uglja]] dobivši veliki udio germanija u njemu.<ref name="Gold1" /><ref name="Gold2" /> Smatra se da je najveća koncentracija germanija ikad pronađena bila u ugljenoj prašini iz engleskog rudnika kod Hartleya, a iznosila je 1,6% germanija.<ref name="Gold1" /><ref name="Gold2" /> Procjenjuje se da naslage uglja u blizini kineskog grada [[Šilin hot]]a, Unutrašnja Mongolija, sadrže približno 1600 tona germanija.<ref name="Holl" />
== Historija ==
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== Reference ==
{{refspisak|
<ref name="binder">Harry H. Binder: ''Lexikon der chemischen Elemente'', S. Hirzel Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-7776-0736-3.</ref>
<ref name="wieser">Michael E. Wieser, Tyler B. Coplen: ''Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)''. u: ''Pure and Applied Chemistry''. 2010, str. 1, {{doi|10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-14}}.</ref>
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<ref name="72Ge">Perreault, Bruce A. [http://www.google.com/patents/US7800286 "Alpha Fusion Electrical Energy Valve"], SAD patent 7800286, izdan 21.9.2010. [http://web.archive.org/web/20071012103442/http://www.nuenergy.org/disclosures/AlphaFusionPatent_05-04-2007.pdf PDF].</ref>
<ref name="nubase">{{cite journal| last = Audi|first = G.; Bersillon O.; Blachot J.; Wapstra A.H.| title = Nubase2003 Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties| journal = Nuclear Physics A| volume = 729| issue = 1| pages = 3–128| publisher = Atomic Mass Data Center| year = 2003}} {{doi|10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001}}</ref>
<ref name="sterling">{{cite journal|journal = The Astrophysical Journal Letters|volume = 578|issue = 1|pages = L55–L58|year = 2002|title = Discovery of Enhanced Germanium Abundances in Planetary Nebulae with the Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer|first = N. C.; Dinerstein, Harriet L.; Bowers, Charles W.|last = Sterling}} {{doi|10.1086/344473}}</ref>
<ref name="jupiter2">{{cite journal| title= The tropospheric gas composition of Jupiter's north equatorial belt /NH<sub>3</sub>, PH<sub>3</sub>, CH<sub>3</sub>D, GeH<sub>4</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O/ and the Jovian D/H isotopic ratio| last = Kunde| first = V.; Hanel, R.; Maguire, W.; Gautier, D.; Baluteau, J. P.; Marten, A.; Chedin, A.; Husson, N.; Scott, N. |journal = Astrophysical Journal| volume= 263|year= 1982|pages= 443–467}} {{doi|10.1086/160516}}</ref>
<ref name="Gold1">{{cite journal|journal = Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse|title = Ueber das Vorkommen des Germaniums in Steinkohlen und Steinkohlenprodukten|last = Goldschmidt| first = V. M.|pages = 141–167| year = 1930|url =http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?GDZPPN002508303}}</ref>
<ref name="Gold2">{{cite journal|journal = Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Mathematisch-Physikalische Klasse|title = Zur Geochemie des Germaniums|last = Goldschmidt| first = V. M.; Peters, Cl.|pages = 141–167|url =http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?GDZPPN002509180|year = 1933}}</ref>
<ref name="nature423">{{cite journal| journal=Nature|volume=423|issue= 29|date=1.5.2003|title=Astronomy: Elements of surprise| last = Cowan|first = John| page=29}} {{cite pmid|12721614|noedit}} {{doi|10.1038/423029a}}</ref>
<ref name="Holl">{{cite journal|title = Metallogenesis of germanium—A review|first = R.; Kling, M.; Schroll, E.|last = Höll| journal = Ore Geology Reviews|volume = 30|issue = 3–4|year = 2007| pages = 145–180}} {{doi|10.1016/j.oregeorev.2005.07.034}}</ref>
<ref name="lifton">{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070612043415/http://www.resourceinvestor.com/pebble.asp?relid=31285|izdavač=Resource Investor.com|pristupdatum=9.9.2008|title=Byproducts II: Another Germanium Rush? |autor=Jack Lifton|datum=26.4.2007}}</ref>
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