Razlika između verzija stranice "Mogulsko Carstvo"

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'''Mogulsko carstvo''' ([[farsi jezik|farsi]], '''مغل بادشاہ''', ''moghul bādšāh'') su u [[Indija|Indiji]] osnovali Moguli, porodična loza [[mongol]]skog porijekla. Riječe "Mogul" ili "Mugal" ili "Mughal" je [[indoarijanski]] oblik za "[[Mongol]]e." Na vrhuncu svoje moći, [[1526]]-[[1857]], carstvo je zauzimalo oblasti koje su uključivale dijelove današnjeg [[Avganistan]]a, [[Balučistan]]a i većinu [[Indijski potkontinent|Indijskog potkontinenta]]. Carstvo je osnovao [[Mongoli|mongolski]] vođa [[Babur]], 1526, koji je porazio [[Ibrahim Lodi|Ibrahima Lodija]], posljednjeg od [[Delhijski sultanat|delhijskih sultana]].
 
== Religija ==
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== Baburovo ustoličenje i vladavina ==
Početkom [[16. vijek]]a, pod vođstvom [[Babur|Zahirudina Mohamada Babura]] (Zahir ud-Din Muhamed), Moguli su — kao potomci [[mongol]]skih, [[Turski narodi|turskih]], [[persijski]]ih i [[avganski]]h upadnika u jugoistočnu Aziju — zauzeli Indiju. Babur (Tigar) (1483-1530) je bio praunuk [[Timur Lenk|Timur Lenka]]a (poznatog i kao Timur Hromi), tursko-mongolskog osvajača. Babur je osnivač Mogulskog carstva u sjevernoj Indiji.
On je naslijedio kneževstvo Fergana u centralnoj Aziji, sjeverno od pamirskih planina. Osvojio je [[Kabul]] u [[Afganistan]]u i [[1504]]. osnovao kraljevstvo. Napadao je sjever Indije, a [[1525]]. je izvršio potpunu invaziju na Indiju. Aprila [[1526]]., sa slabijim snagama došao je do ključne pobjede kod Panipata (kod [[New Delhi]]) i time osvojio sjever Indije. Babur je bio tolerantan po pitanju religije svojih podanika. Volio je kulturu i umjetnost i pokazivao se kao mecena brojnim umjetnicima. Bio je opčinjen prirodom. Finansirao je izgradnju veličanstvenih vrtova.
 
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In the early [[16th century]], descendants of the [[Mongols|Mongol]], [[Turkic peoples| Turkic]], [[Persians|Persian]], and [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] invaders of Southwest Asia &mdash; the Mughals &mdash; invaded the India under the leadership of Zahir-ud-Din-Mohammad Babur. [[Babur]] was the great-grandson of [[Timur]] (Timur the Lame, from which the Western name Tamerlane is derived), who had invaded India and plundered [[Delhi]] in 1398 and then led a short-lived empire based in [[Samarkand]] (in modern-day Uzbekistan) that united Persian-based Mongols (Babur's maternal ancestors) and other West Asian peoples. Babur was driven from Samarkand and initially established his rule in [[Kabul]] in 1504;After hearing about the wealth of India Babur decided to conquer it. Sultan Ibrahim Lodi was the ruler of Delhi at that time. The nobles were distraught with the reign of Ibrahim Lodi and decided to get rid of him. Daulat Khan Lodi, the powerful Governor of the Punjab and Alam Khan , the uncle of the Sultan invited Babur to invade India. The First Battle of Panipat fought in 1526 between Babur and the Sultan established the former as the ruler of Delhi.
Babur, a seasoned military commander, entered India in 1526 with his well-trained veteran army of 12,000 to meet the sultan's huge but unwieldy and disunited force of more than 100,000 men. Babur defeated the Lodi sultan decisively at [[Panipat]] (in modern-day Haryana, about ninety kilometers north of Delhi). Employing gun carts, moveable artillery, and superior cavalry tactics, Babur achieved a resounding victory and the Sultan was killed. A year later(1527) he decisively defeated a Rajput confederacy led by Rana Sangha of Chitore. A fierce battle was fought at Kanwah. Initially the brave rajputs had the upper hand. In response, Babur made a stirring speech, and vowed never to drink again, breaking all his wine cups as a symbolic gesture. Thus encouraged, the mughal army made a brave charge with their artillery and won. This battle was more important than the first battle because it weakened the Rajput confederacy and Babur's position became secure.
 
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== Humajunova vladavina ==
Nakon Baburove smrti, njegov sin [[Humajun]] (1530&ndash;15561530–1556) je naslijedio težak zadatak.
 
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== Akbarova vladavina ==
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Humayun's untimely death in 1556 left the task of further imperial conquest and consolidation to his thirteen-year-old son, [[Jalal-ud-Din Akbar]] (r. 1556&ndash;16051556–1605). Following a decisive military victory at the [[Second Battle of Panipat]] in 1556, the regent [[Bayram Khan]] pursued a vigorous policy of expansion on Akbar's behalf. As soon as Akbar came of age, he began to free himself from the influences of overbearing ministers, court factions, and harem intrigues, and demonstrated his own capacity for judgment and leadership. A workaholic who seldom slept more than three hours a night, he personally oversaw the implementation of his administrative policies, which were to form the backbone of the Mughal Empire for more than 200 years. He continued to conquer, annex, and consolidate a far-flung territory bounded by [[Kabul]] in the northwest, [[Kashmir]] in the north, [[Bengal]] in the east, and beyond the [[Narmada River|Narmada]] River in central India &mdash; an area comparable in size to the [[Mauryan]] territory some 1,800 years earlier.
 
Akbar built a walled capital called [[Fatehpur Sikri]] (Fatehpur means town of victory) near [[Agra]], starting in 1571. Palaces for each of Akbar's senior queens, a huge artificial lake, and sumptuous water-filled courtyards were built there. The city, however, proved short-lived, the capital being moved to [[Lahore]] in [[1585]]. The reason may have been that the water supply in Fatehpur Sikri was insufficient or of poor quality, or, as some historians believe, that Akbar had to attend to the northwest areas of his empire and therefore moved his capital northwest. In [[1599]], Akbar shifted his capital back to Agra from where he reigned until his death.
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* Bahadur Šah II, također poznat kao Bahadur Šah Zafar, r. 1775 u Delhiju, vladao od 1837-1857, u. 1862 e izbjeglištvu u Rangunu, Burma.
 
== Alternativna značenja riječi "Mogul" ==
 
* U popularnom [[žargon]]u, naročito u [[novine|novinama]] i na [[mediji]]ma, '''[[mogul (čvor)|mogul]]''' također označava uspješnu poslovnu osobu ili [[magnat]]a, koji je sam sagradio i stvorio ogromno bogatstvo i [[monopol]]sko carstvo. Ova upotreba se očito odnosi na veoma raskošno Mogulsko carstvo koje su sagradili Moguli, kraljevska loza u Indiji.
 
== Također pogledajte ==
* [[Spisak mogulskih careva]]
* [[Islamska arhitektura]]
* [[Mogulsko slikarstvo]]
 
== Vanjski linkovi ==
* [http://www.streetphotos.net/pakistan/wazir.htm Fotografije iz Lahorea, grada sa zidinama, iz mogulskog vremena] (na engleskom)
* [http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/dynasties/mughals.html Veliki Moguli] (na engleskom)
* [http://www.mughalgardens.org/html/home.html Vrtovi Mogulskog carstva] (na engleskom)
 
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[[uk:Імперія Великих Моголів]]
[[ur:مغلیہ سلطنت]]
[[vi:Đế quốc MogulMôgôn]]
[[zh:莫卧儿帝国]]